1;Contents;62;Preface;183;Author index;224;1 The foundations and application of medical ethics;264.1;1.1 Introduction;264.2;1.2 Historical background;264.3;1.3 General ethical theories and principles;274.4;1.4 Modern medical ethics;334.5;1.5 Conclusion;385;2 Legislation for assisted reproductive technologies;405.1;2.1 Introduction;405.2;2.2 Legislation and regulations;415.3;2.3 Legislative motivations;435.4;2.4 Evidence-based legal policy;455.5;2.5 The focus of legislation;475.6;2.6 Human rights;506;3 Reproductive rights as an integral part of women's rights;546.1;3.1 Introduction;546.2;3.2 Granting women equal rights: the origin of discrimination;556.2.1;3.2.1 Cornerstones of women's rights;576.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Dignity, body integrity, and freedom from violence;576.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Equality and empowerment;596.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Full, unconditional access to health care services;606.2.2;3.2.2 A right to treat infertility;617;4 Right to reproduce;687.1;4.1 Socioeconomic issues;687.2;4.2 Religious issues;707.3;4.3 Legal and historical aspects;707.4;4.4 Moral aspects;737.5;4.5 ART-related aspects;748;5 Informed consent for treatment of fertility;788.1;5.1 Introduction;788.2;5.2 The right to experience parenthood and its standing;798.3;5.3 The informed-consent doctrine;808.3.1;5.3.1 The doctrine and its nature;808.3.2;5.3.2 Application of the doctrine to fertility treatments;808.4;5.4 Mutual consent of spouses;818.4.1;5.4.1 Joint process;818.4.2;5.4.2 The good of the child and consideration of parental capability;828.5;5.5 Validity of the consent;838.5.1;5.5.1 Effect of the initial consent;838.5.2;5.5.2 Withdrawal of patient consent;848.5.3;5.5.3 Physician's withdrawal of consent;848.5.4;5.5.4 Consent after death;858.6;5.5 Conclusion;859;6 Specific ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in eastern European countries;889.1;6.1 Introduction;889.2;6.2 Situation in eastern European countries;889.2.1;6.2.1 Number of centers;889.2.2;6.2.2 Legal regulation of ART;899.2.3;6.2.3 Coverage or reimbursement of ART;909.2.4;6.2.4 Marital status in ART;919.2.5;6.2.5 The number of transferred embryos in ART;929.2.6;6.2.6 Cryopreservation;939.2.7;6.2.7 Posthumous ART;959.2.8;6.2.8 Gamete donation;969.2.9;6.2.9 Anonymity;979.2.10;6.2.10 Micromanipulation;989.2.11;6.2.11 In vitro maturation of oocytes;999.2.12;6.2.12 Welfare of the child;1009.2.13;6.2.13 Multifetal-pregnancy reduction;1019.2.14;6.2.14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis;1029.2.15;6.2.15 Surrogacy;1039.2.16;6.2.16 Research on the embryo;1049.2.17;6.2.18 Gamete intrafallopian transfer;1069.2.18;6.2.19 The moral status of the embryo;1069.3;6.3 Conclusions;10710;7 Sperm donation and sperm-bank management;11210.1;7.1 Introduction;11210.2;7.2 Limiting the number of donor offspring;11310.2.1;7.2.1 United States;11310.2.2;7.2.2 United Kingdom;11310.3;7.3 Minimizing the risk of infection and genetic complications from sperm donors;11410.4;7.4 Age requirements for sperm donors;11410.5;7.5 Anonymity versus nonanonymity of sperm donors;11510.5.1;7.5.1 Anonymous sperm donation;11510.5.2;7.5.2 Nonanonymous sperm donation;11610.6;7.6 Sperm-donor compensation;11710.7;7.7 Informed consent and counseling;11810.8;7.8 Conclusions;11811;8 Oocyte donation: medical and legal perspectives;12011.1;8.1 Introduction: Indications for egg donation;12011.2;8.2 Preparation of donor and recipient;12111.3;8.3 Outcome determining factors;12311.4;8.4 Obstetric and perinatal outcomes;12311.5;8.5 Ethical aspects;12411.6;8.6 Legislation;12611.6.1;8.6.1 The new Israeli legislation;12911.7;8.7 Summary;13212;9 Egg donation: ethical considerations and regulatory context;13612.1;9.1 Introduction;13612.2;9.2 The regulatory context;13612.3;9.3 Donating eggs;13712.3.1;9.3.1 Informed consent;13712.3.2;9.3.2 Meeting demand: remuneration and other programs;13812.3.2.1;9.3.2.1 Financial compensation;13812.3.2.2;9.3.2.2 Egg-sharing programs;13912