1;Title Page;2 2;Copyright Page;3 3;1 History of Modern Acupuncture Research in China;10 3.1;1.1 Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine;10 3.1.1;1.1.1 The Channels and Collaterals;12 3.1.2;1.1.2 Acupoints;13 3.1.3;1.1.3 General Principles of Acupuncture Treatment;13 3.2;1.2 Modern Developments in Acupuncture Treatment;14 3.3;1.3 Acupuncture Research at Shanghai Medical University;16 3.3.1;1.3.1 Relationship Between the Meridian-Points and Peripheral Nerves;16 3.3.2;1.3.2 Acupuncture Analgesia and Acupuncture Anesthesia;17 3.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Effect of acupuncture on pain perception on normal subjects;17 3.3.2.1.1;1. Effect of acupuncture on normal volunteers;17 3.3.2.1.2;2. Effect of sham acupuncture on normal subjects;17 3.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Clinical features of acupuncture anesthesia on patients;18 3.3.2.3;1.3.2.3 Neurohumoral mechanism of acupuncture analgesia;20 3.3.2.3.1;1. Peripheral neuropathway of acupuncture feeling;20 3.3.2.3.2;2. Central neuromodulatory mechanism of acupuncture analgesia;22 3.3.2.4;1.3.2.4 Endogenous opioid peptides and acupuncture analgesia;23 3.3.2.4.1;1. Release of endogenous opioid peptides by acupuncture;23 3.3.2.4.2;2. Antagonism of acupuncture analgesia by naloxone;24 3.3.2.4.3;3. Effect of orphanin FQ on acupuncture analgesia;25 3.3.2.5;1.3.2.5 Combination of acupuncture with therapeutic drugs;25 3.3.2.5.1;1. Selection of drugs affecting acupuncture analgesia;25 3.3.2.5.2;2. Development of acupuncture-balanced anesthesia;26 3.3.2.5.3;3. Mechanism of acupuncture analgesia and drugs synergism;26 3.3.3;1.3.3 Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Acupuncture on Neurological Disorders;28 3.3.3.1;1. Acupuncture and epilepsy;28 3.3.3.2;2. Acupuncture and cerebral ischemia;29 3.3.3.3;3. Acupuncture and cardiovascular diseases;30 3.3.3.4;4. Acupuncture and neuroimmune disorders;30 3.3.3.5;5. Acupuncture and woman's reproductive disorders;31 3.4;1.4 Concluding Remarks;32 3.5;References;33 4;2 Neuroanatomic Basis of Acupuncture Points;41 4.1;2.1 Introduction;41 4.2;2.2 Phenomena of Meridians and Acupoints;42 4.2.1;2.2.1 Theory of Meridians, Collaterals, and Acupoints;42 4.2.2;2.2.2 Relatively Specific Effects of Acupoints;44 4.2.3;2.2.3 Unique Physiological Features of Acupoints;45 4.2.4;2.2.4 Relatively Specific Anatomical Structures of Acupoints;46 4.3;2.3 Neuroanatomic Structure of Acupoints;48 4.3.1;2.3.1 Gross Anatomical Observation of Meridians and Acupoints;49 4.3.2;2.3.2 General Histological Features of Acupoints;63 4.3.3;2.3.3 Microanatomic Examination of Acupoints;67 4.3.4;2.3.4 Morphological Basis of Sensation of Acupuncture at Acupoints;69 4.3.5;2.3.5 Other Morphologic Research on Acupoint;71 4.4;2.4 Neural Connection Between Meridian-Point and Viscus;72 4.4.1;2.4.1 Segmental Nerve Innervation Between Meridian-Points and Viscera;74 4.4.2;2.4.2 Convergence of Afferent Signals of Meridian-Points and Viscera in the Central Nervous System;78 4.5;2.5 Afferent Nerve Fibers and Afferent Pathway of Acupuncture Signal;80 4.5.1;2.5.1 Acupuncture Signal and Afferent Nerve Fibers;80 4.5.2;2.5.2 Acupuncture Signal Transmission Pathway;81 4.6;2.6 Concluding Remarks;82 4.7;References;83 5;3 Neural Transmission of Acupuncture Signal;90 5.1;3.1 Introduction;91 5.2;3.2 Initiation of Acupuncture Signal;93 5.2.1;3.2.1 Acupoint-Selection Impact on the Pattern of Brain-Area Activity;93 5.2.2;3.2.2 Acupuncture Modality: Manual or Electrical?;94 5.2.3;3.2.3 Wave Forms, Frequency, Intensity, and Timing;95 5.2.4;3.2.4 Transduction of Acupuncture Signal in the Afferent Nerves;96 5.3;3.3 Integration of Acupuncture Signal in the Central Nervous System;98 5.3.1;3.3.1 Integration of Nociceptive and Acupuncture Signals in the Spinal Cord and the Gate Control Theory;100 5.3.2;3.3.2 Effects of Brainstem and Descending Control on Acupuncture Analgesia;101 5.3.3;3.3.3 The Limbic System and Acupuncture Analgesia;103 5.4;3.4 Neurobiological Mechanism of Acupuncture in Autonomic Nervous System;104 5.4.1;3.4.1 Structure and Function