Up-to-date, detailed practical guide for neuroimaging of the acute ischemic stroke patients

Experienced authors in the field of neuro imaging

1;Contents;6 2;PART I Fundamentals of Acute Ischemic Stroke;12 2.1;1 Ischemic Stroke: Basic Pathophysiology and Neuroprotective Strategies --- Aneesh B. Singhal, Eng H. Lo,Turgay Dalkara,Michael A. Moskowitz;12 2.1.1;1.1 Introduction;12 2.1.2;1.2 Mechanisms of Ischemic Cell Death;12 2.1.3;1.3 Grey Matter Versus White Matter Ischemia;19 2.1.4;1.4 The Neurovascular Unit;19 2.1.5;1.5 Neuroprotection;21 2.1.6;1.6 Stroke Neuroprotective Clinical Trials: Lessons from Past Failures;21 2.1.7;1.7 Identifying the Ischemic Penumbra;23 2.1.8;1.8 Combination Neuroprotective Therapy;24 2.1.9;1.9 Ischemic Pre-conditioning;24 2.1.10;1.10 Nonpharmaceutical Strategies for Neuroprotection;25 2.1.11;1.11 Prophylactic and Long-term Neuroprotection;27 2.1.12;1.12 Conclusion;27 2.1.13;References;28 2.2;2 Causes of Ischemic Stroke --- W.J. Koroshetz, R.G.González;38 2.2.1;2.1 Introduction;38 2.2.2;2.2 Key Concept: Core and Penumbra;39 2.2.3;2.3 Risk Factors;41 2.2.4;2.4 Primary Lesions of the Cerebrovascular System;42 2.2.5;2.5 Primary Cardiac Abnormalities;44 2.2.6;2.6 Embolic Stroke;46 2.2.7;2.7 Lacunar Strokes;48 2.2.8;2.8 Other Causes of Stroke;50 2.2.9;2.9 Conclusion;51 3;PART II Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke;52 3.1;3 Unenhanced Computed Tomography --- Erica C.S.Camargo,Guido González, R. Gilberto González,Michael H. Lev;52 3.1.1;3.1 Introduction;52 3.1.2;3.2 Technique;53 3.1.3;3.3 Physical Basis of Imaging Findings;56 3.1.4;3.4 Optimal Image Review;57 3.1.5;3.5 CT Early Ischemic Changes: Detection and Prognostic Value;59 3.1.6;3.6 ASPECTS;61 3.1.7;3.7 Conclusion;65 3.1.8;References;65 3.2;4 Stroke CT Angiography (CTA) --- Shams Sheikh, R. Gilberto González, Michael H. Lev;68 3.2.1;4.1 Introduction;68 3.2.2;4.2 Background -General Principles of CTA;70 3.2.3;4.3 CTA Protocol for Acute Stroke;75 3.2.4;4.4 CTA Protocol for Acute Stroke;88 3.2.5;4.5 Accuracy and Clinical Utility of CTA in Acute Stroke;90 3.2.6;4.6 Future Directions;94 3.2.7;4.7 Conclusion;94 3.2.8;References;94 3.3;5 CT Perfusion (CTP) --- Sanjay K. Shetty,Michael H. Lev;98 3.3.1;5.1 Introduction;98 3.3.2;5.2 CTP Technical Considerations;99 3.3.3;5.3 Comparison with MR-PWI;102 3.3.4;5.4 CTP:General Principles;103 3.3.5;5.5 CTP Theory and Modeling;103 3.3.6;5.6 CTP Post-Processing;105 3.3.7;5.7 Clinical Applications of CTP;107 3.3.8;5.8 CTP Interpretation: Infarct Detection with CTA-SI;107 3.3.9;5.9 CTP Interpretation:Ischemic Penumbra and Infarct Core;112 3.3.10;5.10 Imaging Predictors of Clinical Outcome;118 3.3.11;5.11 Experimental Applications of CTP in Stroke;118 3.3.12;5.12 Conclusion;119 3.3.13;References;119 3.4;6 Conventional MRI and MR Angiography of Stroke --- David Vu, R.Gilberto González,Pamela W. Schaefer ;125 3.4.1;6.1 Conventional MRI and Stroke;125 3.4.2;6.2 MR Angiogram and Stroke;131 3.4.3;References;145 3.5;7 Diffusion MR of Acute Stroke --- Pamela W. Schaefer,A. Kiruluta, R. Gilberto González;148 3.5.1;7.1 Introduction;148 3.5.2;7.2 Basic Concepts/Physics of Diffusion MRI;148 3.5.3;7.3 Diffusion MR Images for Acute Stroke;153 3.5.4;7.4 Theory for Decreased Diffusion in Acute Stroke;153 3.5.5;7.5 Time Course of Diffusion Lesion Evolution in Acute Stroke;154 3.5.6;7.6 Reliability;156 3.5.7;7.7 Reversibility of DWI Stroke Lesions;159 3.5.8;7.8 Prediction of Hemorrhagic Transformation;161 3.5.9;7.9 Diffusion Tensor Imaging;164 3.5.10;7.10 Correlation with Clinical Outcome;168 3.5.11;7.11 Stroke Mimics;168 3.5.12;7.12 Nonischemic Lesions with No Acute Abnormality on Routine or Diffusion-Weighted Images;168 3.5.13;7.13 Syndromes with Reversible Clinical Deficits that may have Decreased Diffusion;168 3.5.14;7.14 Vasogenic Edema Syndromes;170 3.5.15;7.15 Other Entities with Decreased Diffusion;173 3.5.16;7.16 Venous Infarction;174 3.5.17;7.17 Conclusion;175 3.5.18;References;176 3.6;8 Perfusion MRI of Acute Stroke --- Pamela W. Schaefer,William A.Copen, R. Gilberto González;181 3.6.1;8.1 Introduction;181 3.6.2;8.2 Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Imaging;182 3.6.3;8.3