1;Contents;6 2;Preface;14 3;Abbreviations;16 4;Authors index;20 5;INTRODUCTION;24 5.1;1 Adults with childhood illnesses;26 6;CHILDHOOD INTO ADULTHOOD;28 6.1;2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology, assessment and treatment;30 6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;30 6.1.2;2.2 Diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, comorbidities and associated features;31 6.1.3;2.3 Assessment of ADHD in children and adolescents;33 6.1.4;2.4 Treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents;34 6.1.5;2.5 ADHD in adulthood: epidemiology, comorbidities and associated features;37 6.1.6;2.6 Assessment of ADHD in adults;38 6.1.7;2.7 Treatment of ADHD in adults;39 6.1.8;2.8 Conclusions;41 6.2;3 Adults with cystic fibrosis;46 6.2.1;3.1 Introduction;46 6.2.2;3.2 CF care paradigm;47 6.2.3;3.3 Transition from pediatric to adult care;48 6.2.4;3.4 Challenges of treatment burden and adherence to maintain lung function;49 6.2.5;3.5 Diseases of aging in CF: diabetes, osteoporosis and malignancy;51 6.2.6;3.6 Depression and its impact on CF;55 6.2.7;3.7 Achieving a "normal" life;55 6.2.8;3.8 Conclusions;58 6.3;4 Childhood asthma into adult years;60 6.3.1;4.1 Introduction;60 6.3.2;4.2 Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma;60 6.3.2.1;4.2.1 Environmental factors;62 6.3.2.2;4.2.2 Host factors (genes and sex);62 6.3.3;4.3 Natural history of asthma;63 6.3.3.1;4.3.1 Natural history of asthma symptoms;63 6.3.3.2;4.3.2 Natural history of lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity;65 6.3.4;4.4 Prognostic factors of childhood asthma;66 6.3.4.1;4.4.1 Childhood predictors of asthma;66 6.3.5;4.5 Clinical differences of asthma in childhood versus adulthood;67 6.3.6;4.6 Predicting adult asthma;68 6.3.7;4.7 Asthma symptoms in childhood and adulthood;69 6.3.8;4.8 Impact of environmental factors;69 6.3.9;4.9 Asthma and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;70 6.3.10;4.10 Impact of therapy upon the natural course of asthma;70 6.3.11;4.11 Conclusions;71 6.4;5 Cyanotic congenital heart defects in adulthood;76 6.4.1;5.1 Introduction;76 6.4.2;5.2 Presentation in adult years;76 6.4.3;5.3 Complications of right-to-left shunts;77 6.4.4;5.4 Patients who have had surgery for a right-to-left shunt;79 6.4.5;5.5 Other cardiac complications in adults survivors of cyanotic heart defects in childhood;80 6.4.6;5.6 Conclusion;81 6.5;6 Obstructive and regurgitant cardiac lesions in adults who had childhood heart disease;82 6.5.1;6.1 Introduction;82 6.5.2;6.2 Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction;82 6.5.2.1;6.2.1 Aortic valve stenosis and bicuspid aortic valve;82 6.5.2.2;6.2.2 Subvalvular aortic stenosis;88 6.5.2.3;6.2.3 Supravalvular aortic stenosis;89 6.5.3;6.3 Aortic valve regurgitation;90 6.5.4;6.4 Coarctation of the aorta;91 6.5.5;6.5 Mitral valve stenosis;93 6.5.6;6.6 Mitral valve regurgitation;94 6.5.6.1;6.6.1 Mitral valve prolapse;94 6.5.6.2;6.6.2 Postoperative mitral regurgitation;95 6.5.7;6.7 Tricuspid stenosis;96 6.5.8;6.8 Tricuspid valve regurgitation;96 6.5.9;6.8.1 Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve;97 6.5.10;6.9 Pulmonary stenosis;98 6.5.11;6.10 Pulmonary regurgitation;100 6.6;7 Adults with left-to-right cardiac shunts and with shunts treated in childhood;104 6.6.1;7.1 Introduction;104 6.6.2;7.2 Atrial septal defects;104 6.6.2.1;7.2.1 Secundum ASDs;105 6.6.2.2;7.2.2 Sinus venosus ASD with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return;110 6.6.2.3;7.2.3 Endocardial cushion (atrioventricular canal) defects;113 6.6.2.4;7.2.4 Primum ASD (partial atrioventricular canal defect);114 6.6.2.5;7.2.5 Complete atrioventricular canal defect;117 6.6.2.6;7.2.6 VSDs;120 6.6.2.7;7.2.7 PDA;125 6.6.2.8;7.2.8 Pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome;128 6.6.2.9;7.2.9 Future considerations;129 6.7;8 Transition of pediatric endocrine patients to adult care;132 6.7.1;8.1 Introduction;132 6.7.2;8.2 TS;132 6.7.2.1;8.2.1 Management considerations;134 6.7.2.2;8.2.2 Pediatric issues;134 6.7.3;8.3 CAH;138 6.7.3.1;8.3.1 Diagnostic considerations;139 6.7.3.2;8.3.2 CAH therapeutic management;1