1;Advances in Wind Energy Conversion Technology;3 2;Preface;5 3;Contents;7 4;1 Aerodynamics of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines;8 4.1;1...Basic Aerodynamic Issues;12 4.1.1;1.1 Wind Power Density;14 4.1.2;1.2 Wind Speed Probability and Average Power;15 4.1.3;1.3 Wind Speed with Height off the Ground;17 4.1.4;1.4 Wake Array Effects;18 4.1.5;1.5 Turbulent Wind Effects on Power;19 4.1.6;1.6 Capacity Factor and Specific Yield;21 4.2;2...Momentum Theory Analysis in Unyawed Flow;21 4.2.1;2.1 Flow Model and Analysis;22 4.2.2;2.2 Thrust and Power Coefficients;24 4.2.3;2.3 Wake Expansion;25 4.2.4;2.4 Turbulent Wake and Vortex Ring States;26 4.3;3...Momentum Theory Analysis with Yaw Misalignment;26 4.3.1;3.1 Flow Model and Analysis;27 4.4;4...Maximum Wind Energy Conversion Efficiency;29 4.5;5...Representative Power Curve for a HAWT;30 4.6;6...Blade Element Model for a HAWT;32 4.6.1;6.1 Flow Model and Analysis;33 4.6.2;6.2 Solving for CT and CP;36 4.7;7...Blade Element Momentum Theory for a HAWT;36 4.7.1;7.1 BEM Flow Model and Analysis;37 4.7.2;7.2 The Optimum HAWT: Ideal Blade Twist and Taper;40 4.8;8...Understanding Operational Interdependencies;42 4.9;9...Introducing Non-ideal Effects and Tip Losses;45 4.10;10...Induction Factors in Yawed Flow Operation;48 4.11;11...Airfoils for HAWTS;50 4.12;12...Vortex Wake Models for HAWTS;53 4.12.1;12.1 Governing Equations;55 4.12.2;12.2 Linking to the Blade Solution;56 4.12.3;12.3 Representative Results from the FVM;57 4.13;13...Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects on HAWTS;60 4.13.1;13.1 Reduced Frequency;61 4.13.2;13.2 Unsteady Airfoil Theory;61 4.13.3;13.3 Dynamic Stall;62 4.14;14...Transitory Yaw Effects;65 4.15;15...Tower Interference Effects;67 4.16;16...Advanced Aerodynamic Modeling Requirements;69 4.16.1;16.1 Navier--Stokes Equations;69 4.16.2;16.2 Euler and Hybrid CFD Methods;70 4.17;17...Chapter Review;71 4.18;References;72 5;2 Analysis of Wind Regimes and Performance of Wind Turbines;77 5.1;1...Wind Regime Characteristics;78 5.1.1;1.1 Boundary Layer Effects;78 5.1.2;1.2 Wind Velocity Distribution;79 5.1.3;1.3 Energy Density;82 5.2;2...Velocity--Power Response of the Turbine;82 5.3;3...The Energy Model;84 5.4;4...Conclusion;88 5.5;References;88 6;3 Advances in Offshore Wind Resource Estimation;90 6.1;1...Offshore Observations at High Levels;91 6.1.1;1.1 Results from the Coastal Station at Høvsøre;92 6.1.2;1.2 Results from Offshore at Horns Rev;93 6.1.3;1.3 Results from Offshore at Nysted;96 6.2;2...Offshore Observations with Spatial Detail;97 6.2.1;2.1 Ocean Winds from Synthetic Aperture Radar ;98 6.2.2;2.2 Ocean Winds from Scatterometer;102 6.2.3;2.3 Mesoscale Modeling for Offshore;103 6.3;3...Discussion and Conclusion;107 6.4;Acknowledgments;108 6.5;References;109 7;4 Short Term Forecast of Wind Power;112 7.1;1...Types of Forecasts;113 7.2;2...Point Forecast Models;115 7.2.1;2.1 Models Based on Measurements of Power Production Only;115 7.2.1.1;2.1.1 Simple Forecast Models;116 7.2.1.2;2.1.2 Recursive and Adaptive Estimation;116 7.2.1.3;2.1.3 Other Model Structures;118 7.2.2;2.2 Models Based on Physical Relations;118 7.2.3;2.3 Models Applying Both Measurements and Physical Information;119 7.3;3...Probabilistic Forecast Models;124 7.3.1;3.1 Quantile Regression;124 7.3.2;3.2 Meteorological Ensemble Forecasts;126 7.3.3;3.3 Scenario Generation;128 7.4;4...Upscaling;129 7.5;5...Evaluation;130 7.5.1;5.1 Point Forecasts;131 7.5.2;5.2 Probabilistic Forecasts;132 7.6;6...Bibliographical Notes;134 7.7;References;135 8;5 Analysis of Wind Turbine Loads;138 8.1;1...The Origin of Wind Turbine Loads;139 8.2;2...Influence of the Mean Wind Speed;139 8.3;3...Loads from Wind Shear;141 8.4;4...Loads from Blades Passing the Tower;141 8.5;5...Loads from Wake Operation;144 8.6;6...Loads from Turbulence;147 8.7;7...Loads from Waves;149 8.8;8...Analysis of Loads for Design and Certification;149 8.9;9...Standards Used in Certification;150 8.10;10...Fatigue Load Analysis;152 8.11;11...Ultimate Load Analysis;158 8.12;12...Typ