1;Preface;6 1.1;References;8 2;Contents;9 3;Production of Glutamate and Glutamate- Related Amino Acids: MolecularMechanism Analysis and Metabolic Engineering;11 3.1;1 Glutamate;12 3.2;2 Short Review of Glutamine and Proline Production;34 3.3;References;39 4;The L-Lysine Story: From Metabolic Pathways to Industrial Production;49 4.1;1 Introduction;50 4.2;2 Lysine Biosynthetic Pathways;51 4.3;3 Corynebacterium glutamicum as a Production Organism;53 4.4;4 Strain Engineering;60 4.5;5 Industrial Production Processes;68 4.6;References;72 5;L-Threonine;81 5.1;1 Introduction;81 5.2;2 How Does L-Threonine Production Work?;83 5.3;3 What Is Required by the Fermentation Industry?;91 5.4;4 Where Is It Going To?;96 5.5;References;98 6;Aromatic Amino Acids;103 6.1;1 Introduction;104 6.2;2 The General Aromatic Amino Acid Pathway (Shikimate Pathway);108 6.3;References;126 7;Branched-Chain Amino Acids;138 7.1;1 Introduction;139 7.2;2 Isoleucine and Valine;141 7.3;3 Leucine;155 7.4;4 Use of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and their Biotechnological Production;158 7.5;References;164 8;Methionine Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum;172 8.1;1 Introduction;173 8.2;2 Methionine Biosynthesis;174 8.3;3 Methionine Transformation and Degradation;181 8.4;4 Methionine Transport;183 8.5;5 Regulation of Methionine Biosynthesis;184 8.6;6 Construction of Methionine-Producing Strains;192 8.7;7 Conclusion;193 8.8;References;194 9;Cysteine Metabolism and Its Regulation in Bacteria;203 9.1;1 Introduction;204 9.2;2 Assimilation of Sulfate and Sulfonates;205 9.3;3 Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathways;208 9.4;4 Cysteine Degradation by Cysteine Desulfhydrases;212 9.5;5 Transport of Cystine or Cysteine;212 9.6;6 Regulation of Cysteine Biosynthesis and Transport;214 9.7;7 Production Process Development;219 9.8;References;220 10;Microbial Arginine Biosynthesis: Pathway, Regulation and Industrial Production;227 10.1;1 Introductory Remarks;228 10.2;2 The de novo Pathway for Arginine Biosynthesis;231 10.3;3 Regulation of Arginine Biosynthesis;239 10.4;4 Arginine as a Nutraceutical and Arginine Microbial Production;252 10.5;References;254 11;L-Serine and Glycine;266 11.1;1 Features and Use;266 11.2;2 L-Serine from Glycine;268 11.3;3 L-Serine from Glycine plus C-1 Units;269 11.4;4 L-Serine from Glucose;271 11.5;References;277 12;Alanine, Aspartate, and Asparagine Metabolism in Microorganisms;280 12.1;1 Alanine;281 12.2;2 Aspartate and Asparagine;285 12.3;3 Biotechnological Applications;290 12.4;References;293 13;Amino Acid Transport Systems in Biotechnologically Relevant Bacteria;296 13.1;1 Introduction;297 13.2;2 Basic Properties of Bacterial Amino Acid Transport Systems;298 13.3;3 Repertoire of Amino Acid Transporters in C. glutamicum and E. coli;300 13.4;4 Particular Amino Acid Transport Systems in C. glutamicum and E. coli;316 13.5;5 Conclusions and Perspectives;323 13.6;References;324 14;Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Production of Dipeptides;333 14.1;1 Introduction;334 14.2;2 Function of Dipeptides;334 14.3;3 Dipeptides and Dipeptide Derivatives from Microorganisms;335 14.4;4 Biosynthesis of Dipeptides;339 14.5;5 Biotechnology for Dipeptide Manufacturing;343 14.6;6 Concluding Remarks;349 14.7;References;349 15;Genomes and Genome-Level Engineering of Amino Acid- Producing Bacteria;355 15.1;1 Introduction;356 15.2;2 The Corynebacterium glutamicum Genome;358 15.3;3 The Escherichia coli Genome;379 15.4;4 Genetic Engineering at the Megabase Level;395 15.5;5 Perspectives;396 15.6;References;397 16;Subject Index;408