Amino acids (AAs) are not only building blocks of protein, but are also signalling molecules as well as regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade.  Additionally, AAs are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance.  For example, physiological concentrations of AA metabolites (e.g., nitric oxide, polyamines, glutathione, taurine, thyroid hormones, and serotonin) are required for cell functions. Growing evidence shows that humans and animals have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs.  Mammals, birds and fish also have species- and age-dependent needs for some AA-related substances. However, elevated levels of other products (e.g., ammonia, homocysteine, H₂S, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) are pathogenic factors for neurological disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease.  Thus, optimal amounts of AAs and their ratios in diets and circulation are crucial for whole body homeostasis and health.  Adequate provision of one or a mixture of functional AAs or metabolites may be beneficial for ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle (e.g., fetal growth restriction, neonatal morbidity and mortality, weaning-associated intestinal dysfunction and wasting syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility). Dietary supplementation of these nutrients can also optimize the efficiency of metabolic transformations to enhance muscle growth, milk production, and athletic performance, while preventing excess fat deposition and reducing adiposity.  Therefore, functional AAs hold great promise in improving the growth, health and well-being of individuals.
Chapter 7 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Prelims

One-carbon metabolism and development of the conceptus during pregnancy: Lessons from studies with sheep and pigs
Cell-specific expression of enzymes for serine biosynthesis and glutaminolysis in farm animals
Amino acids in beef cattle nutrition and production (author to be identified)
Amino acid nutrition and reproductive performance in ruminants
Amino acids in the nutrition and production of sheep and goats
Amino acids in swine nutrition and production.- Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in chickens
Nutrition and functions of amino acids in fish.- Nutrition and functions of amino acids in aquatic crustaceans
Amino acids in dog nutrition and health.- Amino acids in the nutrition, metabolism, and health of domestic cats
Amino acid nutrition for optimum growth, development, reproduction, and health of zoo animals.