1;Foreword;5 2;Preface;6 3;Contents;7 4;List of Contributors;18 5;Introduction;23 5.1;Andrology: Definition, Clinical Issues and Prevalence;23 5.2;Layout and How to Use the Book;26 6;General Considerations;27 6.1;Evidence-Based Medicine in Reproductive Medicine and Andrology;27 6.2;Economic Cost and Cost-Effectiveness;29 6.3;Ethics of Reproductive Research and Treatment;31 6.4;Human Tissue for Research;36 7;I Diagnosing and Solving Clinical Problems;38 7.1;Problem: Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sexual Differentiation;39 7.1.1;I.1.1 Gender Dysphoria;39 7.1.2;I.1.2 Disorders of Sexual Differentiation;43 7.2;Problem: Abnormal Pubertal Development;47 7.3;Male Factor Fertility Problems;49 7.3.1;I.3.1 The Consensus-Based Approach to Standardized Diagnosis and Management of the Infertile Male;49 7.3.2;I.3.2 The WHO Recommended Diagnostic Flow Chart;51 7.3.3;I.3.3 Implications of Multifactorial Aetiology in the Diagnosis and Management of Male Infertility;53 7.3.4;I.3.4 Sexual Dysfunction and Male Fertility;55 7.3.5;I.3.5 Reference Values of Semen Variables and Their Interpretation;60 7.3.6;I.3.6 Normal Spermatozoa and Isolated Abnormalities of Seminal Plasma;64 7.3.7;I.3.7 Immunological Causes;67 7.3.8;I.3.8 Iatrogenic Causes of Abnormal Spermatozoa;73 7.3.9;I.3.9 Systemic Causes of Male Infertility;77 7.3.10;I.3.10 Congenital Disorders and Male Infertility;83 7.3.11;I.3.11 Acquired Testicular Damage;86 7.3.12;I.3.12 Cause: Varicocele;88 7.3.13;I.3.13 Infection/Inflammation of the Accessory Sex Glands;92 7.3.14;I.3.14 Endocrine Factors;95 7.3.15;I.3.15 Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoo-Spermia with No Demonstrable Cause ( Idiopathic O- A- T);97 7.3.16;I.3.16 Azoospermia;101 7.4;Problem: Sexual Dysfunction;105 7.4.1;I.4.1 Erectile Dysfunction;105 7.4.2;I.4.2 Erectile Deformity, Including Peyronie's Disease;113 7.4.3;I.4.3 Ejaculatory Dysfunction: Premature Ejaculation, Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, Low- Volume Ejaculation, Retrograde Ejaculation and Painful Ejaculation;119 7.4.4;I.4.4 Orgasm Dysfunction;125 7.4.5;I.4.5 Abnormal Libido;127 7.4.6;I.4.6 Sexual Deviation and Paraphilias;131 7.5;Problem: Male Contraception;134 7.5.1;I.5.1 Controversies Regarding Postvasectomy Management;134 7.5.2;I.5.2 Vasectomy Reversal;139 7.5.3;I.5.3 Male Contraception;141 7.5.4;I.5.4 Traditional Methods;142 7.6;Problem: Reproductive Tract Infections;145 7.6.1;I.6.1 Reproductive Tract Infections/ Sexually Transmitted Diseases;145 7.6.2;I.6.2 HIV Infection;151 7.7;Problem: Emergencies in Andrology;154 7.7.1;I.7.1 Testicular Torsion;154 7.7.2;I.7.2 Blunt Testicular Trauma;182 7.7.3;I.7.3 Penile Fractures;184 7.7.4;I.7.4 Priapism;186 7.7.5;I.7.5 Testicular Pain and Related Pain Syndromes;190 7.8;Benign Lesions and Malignant Tumours of the Male Genital Tract;199 7.8.1;I.8.1 Scrotal Benign Lesions, Epididymal Cysts, Epididymal Tumours;199 7.8.2;I.8.2 Testicular Cancer, CIS, Microcalcifications, TNM Classification;203 7.8.3;I.8.3 Penile Inflammations;210 7.8.4;I.8.4 Penile Cancer;221 7.8.5;I.8.5 Circumcision;223 7.9;Problem: Diseases of the Prostate ( Infection, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Cancer);233 7.9.1;I.9.1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer;233 7.9.2;I.9.2 Prostatitis;237 7.10;Problem: Male Breast Disorder;245 7.10.1;I.10.1 Gynaecomastia and Benign Breast Hyperplasia Including Iatrogenic Causes;245 7.10.2;I.10.2 Skin Diseases of the Male Nipple;252 7.10.3;I.10.3 Male Breast Cancer;257 7.11;Problem: Male Ageing;261 7.11.1;I.11.1 Neuroendocrine Regulation of Testicular Function;261 7.11.2;I.11.2 Male Ageing: Wear and Tear;269 7.11.3;I.11.3 Organ Failure and Common Disease of the Ageing Male;271 8;II Rationale;277 8.1;Understanding Normal Anatomy and Function;278 8.1.1;II.1.1 Anatomy and Histology of the Male Genital Tract;278 8.1.2;II.1.2 Sexual Differentiation and Development;285 8.1.3;II.1.3 Physiology of Spermatogenesis;291 8.1.4;II.1.4 Physiology of Sexual Function;300 8.1.5;II.1.5 Endocrine Regulation;307 8.1.6;II.1.6 Immunology of