1;Preface;6 2;List of Contents;11 3;List of Contributors;13 4;Learning and Memory;14 4.1;1 Introduction;15 4.2;2 Behavioural Paradigms for Studying Aversive Memories;16 4.3;3 Animal Models;20 4.4;4 Neurological Substrates of Aversive Memories;22 4.5;5 Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Aversive Learning and Memory;26 4.6;6 Clinical Implications;36 4.7;References;38 5;Animal Models of Anxiety;48 5.1;1 Introduction;49 5.2;2 Tests for Anxiety;51 5.3;3 Animal Models;62 5.4;4 General Conclusions;72 5.5;References;73 6;Genetic Alterations of the Murine Serotonergic Gene Pathway: The Neurodevelopmental Basis of Anxiety;83 6.1;1 Introduction;84 6.2;2 Anxiety-Like Behavior in Knockout Mice;85 6.3;3 Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotionality: Focus on the Serotonin System;86 6.4;4 Clinical Implications and Outlook;113 6.5;References;114 7;Mutagenesis and Knockout Models: Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenocortical System;125 7.1;1 Introduction-Understanding Endocrine-Behavior Interactions: Lessons from Mutant Mice;126 7.2;2 The Stress Hormone (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical) System;127 7.3;3 Gene Targeting: Promises and Caveats;134 7.4;4 Summary;144 7.5;References;145 8;Mutagenesis and Knockout Models: NK1 and Substance P;154 8.1;1 Introduction;155 8.2;2 An Overview of the Tachykinin System;155 8.3;3 Pharmacological Studies;157 8.4;4 Generation of Knockout Mice;160 8.5;5 Mechanism of Change in Phenotype in Tac1 and NK1R-Null Mutant Mice;168 8.6;References;168 9;Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders;174 9.1;1 Introduction;175 9.2;2 Assessment and Definitions of Anxiety Disorder;175 9.3;3 Familial and Genetic Factors;175 9.4;4 Review of Family and Twin Studies of Anxiety Disorders in Adults;176 9.5;5 Review of Linkage and Association Studies of Anxiety Disorders;177 9.6;6 Family Studies and Phenotypic Definitions;179 9.7;7 High-Risk Studies of Anxiety Disorders;180 9.8;8 Future Directions for Research on Anxiety;181 9.9;References;182 10;Interactions Between Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Serotonin: Implications for the Aetiology and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders;191 10.1;1 Introduction;192 10.2;2 Neuroanatomical Basis for the Interactions Between CRH and Serotonin;194 10.3;3 Effects of Central Administration of CRH and Related Peptides on Serotoninergic Neurotransmission;196 10.4;4 Interactions Between CRH and Serotonin Under Anxiogenic and Psychologically Stressful Conditions: What CanWe Learn from In Vivo Microdialysis Studies?;199 10.5;5 Consequences of Long-Term Changes in the CRH System for Hippocampal Serotoninergic Neurotransmission;206 10.6;6 Conclusion;208 10.7;References;208 11;Anxiety Disorders: Noradrenergic Neurotransmission;215 11.1;1 Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety and Fear;216 11.2;2 Reconsolidation;219 11.3;3 Extinction;220 11.4;4 The Neurochemical Basis of Fear and Anxiety;222 11.5;5 Noradrenergic System;222 11.6;6 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;226 11.7;7 Panic Disorder;226 11.8;8 Phobic Disorders;227 11.9;9 Conclusion;227 11.10;References;228 12;Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of GABAA Receptors;234 12.1;1 Inhibitory Interneurons;235 12.2;2 Diversity of GABAA Receptors;238 12.3;3 Pathophysiology of the GABA System;241 12.4;4 Pharmacology of GABAA Receptor Subtypes;244 12.5;5 Novel Subtype Selective Benzodiazepine Site Ligands;247 12.6;References;249 13;Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmission;257 13.1;1 Introduction;258 13.2;2 Glutamate Receptors;261 13.3;3 Synaptic Plasticity;275 13.4;4 Pathophysiology;277 13.5;5 Summary;292 13.6;References;293 14;Neurobiology and Treatment of Anxiety: Signal Transduction and Neural Plasticity;312 14.1;1 Introduction;313 14.2;2 Overview of Anxiety-Induced Signal Transduction and Neural Plasticity;314 14.3;3 Cellular Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Structural Plasticity;320 14.4;4 Intracellular Signaling Pathways Involved in Fear Memory;321 14.5;5 Intracellular Signaling Pathways Involved in Anxiety;327 14.6;6 Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathways in the Treatment of Anxiety;328 1