1;Introduction;5 2;Contents;6 3;Contributors;9 4;Physiological Notes ;15 4.1;Intrinsic (or auto-) PEEP during controlled mechanical ventilation;17 4.2;Intrinsic (or auto-) positive end-expiratory pressure during spontaneous or assisted ventilation;20 4.3;Work of breathing;23 4.4;Interpretation of airway pressure waveforms;27 4.5;Measurement of respiratory system resistance during mechanical ventilation;29 4.6;Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts in mechanically ventilated COPD patients using the Campbell diagram;33 4.7;Dead space;37 4.8;The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET);41 4.9;Alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood flow: the V A/Q concept;49 4.10;Mechanisms of hypoxemia;53 4.11;Pulse oximetry;56 4.12;Effects of body temperature on blood gases;60 4.13;Venous oximetry;64 4.14;Relation between PaO2/FIO2 ratio and FIO2: a mathematical description;67 4.15;Hypoxemia due to increased venous admixture: influence of cardiac output on oxygenation;71 4.16;Pulmonary vascular resistance;75 4.17;Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure;79 4.18;Clinical significance of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure;83 4.19;Pulmonary capillary pressure;87 4.20;Ventricular interdependence: how does it impact on hemodynamic evaluation in clinical practice?;91 4.21;Cyclic changes in arterial pressure during mechanical ventilation;94 4.22;Lactic acidosis;98 4.23;Defining acute renal failure: physiological principles;102 4.24;Hypotension during intermittent hemodialysis: new insights into an old problem;107 4.25;Intracranial pressure;112 4.26;Intracranial pressure;116 4.27;Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit. Part I. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow monitoring;120 4.28;Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit. Part II Cerebral oxygenation monitoring and microdialysis ;129 5;Physiological Reviews ;136 5.1;Fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a review of indices used in intensive care;138 5.2;Different techniques to measure intra- abdominal pressure ( IAP): time for a critical re- appraisal;147 5.3;Tissue capnometry: does the answer lie under the tongue?;162 5.4;Noninvasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion;171 5.5;Ultrasonographic examination of the venae cavae;182 5.6;Passive leg raising;186 5.7;Sleep in the intensive care unit;191 5.8;Magnesium in critical illness: metabolism, assessment, and treatment;201 5.9;Pulmonary endothelium in acute lung injury: from basic science to the critically ill;214 5.10;Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management?;227 5.11;Permissive hypercapnia - role in protective lung ventilatory strategies;239 5.12;Right ventricular function and positive pressure ventilation in clinical practice: from hemodynamic subsets to respirator settings;249 5.13;Acute right ventricular failure-- from pathophysiology to new treatments;258 5.14;Red blood cell rheology in sepsis;270 5.15;Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis;280 5.16;Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury;289 5.17;Matching total body oxygen consumption and delivery: a crucial objective?;298 5.18;Normalizing physiological variables in acute illness: five reasons for caution;308 5.19;Interpretation of the echocardiographic pressure gradient across a pulmonary artery band in the setting of a univentricular heart;315 5.20;Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction: the clinical relevance of animal models;320 5.21;Understanding organ dysfunction in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;330 6;Seminal Studies in Intensive Care ;341 6.1;Manipulating afterload for the treatment of acute heart failure;342 6.2;Nosocomial pneumonia;346 6.3;The introduction of positive endexpiratory pressure into mechanical ventilation: a retrospective;353 6.4;Elastic pressure-volume curves in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome;357 6.5;The concept of "baby lung";365 6.6;The effects of anesthesia and