This is the second of a number of international symposia which will, I hope, continue to be held until atherosclerosis is no longer a major problem. The first symposium was held three years ago in Athens, Greece, under the chairmanship 1 of Dr. Constantinos]. Miras , who, although he could not attend this symposium, participated actively in the deliberations of this Program Committee. Atherosclerosis together with its sequelae constitute the most important source of morbidity and mortality in civilized countries. While a major attack is being made on the consequences, the sequelae of this disease, not enough attention is being paid to the basic cause, atherosclerosis. Yet, if the basic disease were eradicated, the major concern of this symposium, the sequelae would constitute only a minor and rare disease group. The approach of the Program Committee was to bring together experts in the multiple disciplines which have a bearing on atherosclerosis. There is a great need for an exchange of ideas from various groups studying the basic process in many divergent ways. The hope we have is that those present (or those later studying the Proceedings) may be stimulated to attack the problem in new ways. Perhaps a breakthrough will be made or, at least, a brick or two added to build the structure, a rampart needed to defend against atherosclerosis. Better still, their contributions may help to confine it to a small area.

I. Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Arterial Lipid Accumulation
Mural Metabolism
Injury and Repair in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Lesions
Thrombosis and Atherogenesis
Panel Discussion on Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
II. The Reactions of the Arterial Wall
Local Factors in Atherogenesis: An Introduction
Metabolism of Arterial Lipids
The Lipoproteins of the Lesions
Reactions of Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Atherosclerotic Lesion
The Macromolecular Matrix of the Arterial Wall: CollagenElastinMucopolysaccharides
Discussion on the Reactions of the Arterial Wall
III. Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis
to the Platelet and the Artery
Formation and Fate of a Thrombus
Thrombosis and the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions
Thrombosis and the Complications of Atherosclerosis
Discussion on Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis
IV. Selected Papers on Pathogenesis of AtherosclerosisIncluding Thrombosis
The Effects of Exposure to Carbon MonoxideHypoxia and Hyperoxia on the Development of Experimental Atheromatosis in Rabbits
Localization of Lipid Synthesis by Foam Cells in Atheromatous Lesions
The Role of Arterial Elastin in the Lipid Accumulation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries
Demonstration of the Polyol Pathway in the Aortic Wall
On the Etiology and Prophylaxis of Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease
Synthesis of Lipids from Glucose and Incorporation of Palmitate in Atherosclerotic and Normal Rabbit Aorta
The Influence of Prostaglandin E1 on Experimental Platelet Aggregation in Rats
Biochemical Role of Prostaglandin El in the Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation
Discussion of Selected Papers on Pathogenesis of AtherosclerosisIncluding Thrombosis
V. Serum Lipoproteins
Apoproteins and Substructure of Human Serum Lipoproteins
Biosynthesis and Secretion of Very Low Density Lipoproteins
Studies on a Low Density Lipoprotein Characterizing Obstructive Jaundice
Autoimmune Hyperlipidemia
Discussion of Lipoproteins
VI. Selected Papers on Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis
Study of the Protein Moiety of Low and High Density Lipoproteins
Low Density Lipoprotein Structure and its Relation to Atherogenesis
Anomalous Low Density Lipoproteins in Familial Hyperbetalipoproteinemia
Familial Hyperbetalipoproteinemia (Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia) in the Rhesus Monkey
Synthesis of Low Density Lipoproteins by Isolated Cell Preparations of Guinea Pig Liver
On the Positional Specificity of "Lipoprotein Lipase"
Discussion of Selected Papers on Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis
VII. Regulation of TriglyceridesIncluding Carbohydrate-Lipid Interaction
Metabolism of Plasma Triglycerides
Hypertriglyceridemia and Insulin Secretiona Complex Causal Relationship
Lipoprotein Lipase and Plasma Triglyceride
Discussion of Triglyceride Metabolism
VIII. Sterol Balance and Metabolism
to the Relationships of Sterol Balance and Metabolism to Atherosclerosis
The Measurement of Cholesterol Pools and Turnover in Man
A Review of the Evidence that Dependable Sterol Balance Studies Require a Correction for the Losses of Neutral Sterols that Occur During Intestinal Transit
The Effects of Dietary Lipid and Sterols on the Sterol Balance
Catabolism of Cholesterol by Way of Bile Acids
Overall Control of Sterol Synthesis in Animals and Man
Discussion of Sterol Balance
IX. Selected Papers on Lipid Metabolism
Triglyceride Turnover Measured by Splanchnic Production of Plasma Tri-glycerides in Man
Incorporation of Plasma Glucose Carbon into Plasma Triglycerides in Nor-mals and Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)
Effects of Atherosclerosis on Lipid and Protein Synthesis in Human Aorta
Studies on the Catabolism of Cholesterol to Bile Acids in Liver: Cholesterol-7?-hydroxylase
Effects of Cholestane-3?, 5?, 6?-triol and its Analogues on Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Vitro
Cholesterol Dynamics after Partial Ileal Bypass
Discussion of Selected Papers on Lipid Metabolism
X. Environmental and Host Factors in Coronary Heart DiseaseIncluding Risk Factors: An Epidemiological View
Current Developments in Europe
Current Developments in Atherosclerosis Studies in Africa
Current Developments in Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis in Israel
Current Developments in India
Current Developments in the Pacific
Current Developments in South and Central America and the Caribbean
Current Developments in North America
Risk Factors and Atherosclerotic Lesions
XI. Selected Papers on Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis
An Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease and Coronary Risk Factors in a New Guinea Highland Population
Metabolic Factors Associated with Coronary Heart Disease in Busselton Males
Relationships between Adipose Tissue Cellularity and Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in a Randomly Selected Population
Carboxyhemoglobin and Serum Cholesterol Levels in Smokers Correlated to the Incidence of Occlusive Arterial Disease
Heart Rate: An Important Risk Factor for Coronary Mortality-Ten Year Experience of the Peoples Gas Co. Epidemiologic Study (1958-68)
Prognostic Implications of Serum Cholesterol in Coronary Heart Disease
Discussion of Selected Papers on Epidemiology of the Atherosclerosis
Concluding Remarks
XII. Nutritional Studies and Atherosclerosis
Recent Advances in Nutrition and Atherosclerosis
Plasma Lipids and Experimental Atherosclerosis
Diets that Lower Blood Cholesterol in Man
The Effect of Carbohydrate Tolerance on Plasma Lipids and Atherosclerosis in Man
Discussion of Nutritional Aspects of Atherosclerosis
XIII. Selected Papers on Nutritional Studies
Influence of Three Dietary Fats Given at Three Caloric Levels on Serum Lipids in Man
Linoleic Acid Deficiency in Man
Diurnal Patterns of Plasma TriglycerideFree Fatty AcidBlood Sugar and Insulin Levels on High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Diets in Normals and in Patients with Primary Endogenous Hyperglyceridemia
Clinical Experience with Partial Ileal Bypass in Treatment of the Hyperlipidemias
Vitamin D and Hypercholesterolemia in Adult Humans
Atherogenesis in Minipigs: Effect of Dietary Fat Unsaturation and of Copper
Influence of Zinc and Copper on the Development of Experimental Atherosclerosis
Discussion of Selected Papers on Nutritional Studies
XIV. Panel Discussion on Pathogenesis as it may Influence Prevention and Therapy
Chairman: Co-chairman: Participants
XV. Recent Advances in Drugs Affecting LipidsPlatelets and Autonomic Nerve Mediators
Drugs Inhibiting Cholesterol Biosynthesiswith Special Reference to Clofibrate
Drugs Affecting Bile Acid and Cholesterol Excretion
Pharmacologic Control of Free Fatty Acid Mobilization and Plasma Triglyceride Transport
Drugs Interfering with Platelet Function
Drugs Affecting Catecholamine Metabolism and Storage in the Adrenergic Neurone
Discussion on Drugs
XVI. Selected Papers on Drug Effects
A Concept of Anti-Thrombotic Therapy Based on the Pharmacological Effects of Drugs Preventing Platelet and Red Cell Aggregation
Hypocholesteremic and Other Effects of Methyl Clofenapatea Novel Derivative of Clofibrate
Mechanism of Clofibrate Inhibition of Hepatic Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Studies of the Mechanism of Action of p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB)
On the Mode of Action of Lipid Lowering Agents
Effect of Cholestyramine on Fecal Steroid Excretion and Cholesterol Synthesis in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Discussion of Selected Papers on Drug Effects
XVII. Progress in the Control of Atherosclerosis
Design of Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials
Control of Atherosclerosis: Progress in Primary Diet Trials
Diet and Ischemic Heart Disease: Progress in Secondary Prevention Dietary Trials
A Primary Prevention Trial Using Clofibrate to Lower Hyperlipidemia
Control of Hyperlipidemia: 4. Progress in Drug Trials of Secondary Prevention with Particular Reference to the Coronary Drug ProjectAuthors: The Coronary Drug Project Research Group
Control of Mild Hypertension
Discussion: Progress in the Control of Atherosclerosis
XVIII. Program Planning for Control of Atherosclerosis
Perspectives in International Program Planning
Criteria for Program Evaluation
The Gorgonzola Diet and the Prevention of Myocardial Infarcts
Program Priorities in Society
Panel Discussion on Program Planning for Control of Atherosclerosis
XIX. Summary of Symposium.