1;Preface;6 2;Contents;10 3;Contributors;14 4;Part I: Anxiety Disorders - Clinical;18 4.1;Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis: Some History and Controversies;19 4.1.1;1 Introduction;20 4.1.2;2 A Brief History of Anxiety Disorders Classification;20 4.1.3;3 Controversy in Classification of Individual Anxiety Disorders;23 4.1.3.1;3.1 Agoraphobia Past and Present, in the United States and Elsewhere;23 4.1.3.2;3.2 Posttraumatic Phenomena;27 4.1.3.3;3.3 Generalized Anxiety Disorder;28 4.1.3.4;3.4 OCD and Putatively Related Conditions;30 4.1.4;4 Summary;30 4.1.5;References;31 4.2;Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders;36 4.2.1;1 Introduction;37 4.2.2;2 Lifetime Prevalence and Course;38 4.2.2.1;2.1 Prevalence;38 4.2.2.2;2.2 Age-of-onset;39 4.2.2.3;2.3 Persistence;40 4.2.3;3 Special Issues Concerning Particular Anxiety Disorders;41 4.2.3.1;3.1 Agoraphobia Without a History of Panic Disorder;41 4.2.3.2;3.2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder;42 4.2.3.3;3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder;42 4.2.3.4;3.4 Separation Anxiety Disorder;43 4.2.4;4 Comorbidity Among the Anxiety Disorders;43 4.2.5;5 The Societal Costs of Anxiety Disorders;45 4.2.6;6 Conclusion;45 4.2.7;References;47 4.3;Comorbidity in Anxiety Disorders;51 4.3.1;1 Introduction;52 4.3.2;2 Psychiatric Disorders Comorbidity in Population-Based Studies of Adults;53 4.3.2.1;2.1 Concomitant Comorbidity with Mood Disorders;54 4.3.2.2;2.2 Lifetime Comorbidity with Mood Disorders;54 4.3.2.3;2.3 Concomitant Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders;55 4.3.2.4;2.4 Lifetime Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders;58 4.3.2.5;2.5 Comorbidity with Other Psychiatric Disorders;58 4.3.2.6;2.6 Findings from Prospective Studies;60 4.3.3;3 Psychiatric Disorders Comorbidity in Population-Based Studies of Children and Adolescents;60 4.3.3.1;3.1 Lifetime Comorbidity of Childhood and Adult Anxiety Disorders;60 4.3.3.2;3.2 Comorbidity with Mood Disorders;61 4.3.3.3;3.3 Comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders;61 4.3.3.4;3.4 Comorbidity with Other Psychiatric Disorders;62 4.3.4;4 Genetic Epidemiologic Approaches to Comorbidity;62 4.3.5;5 Comorbidity with Physical Disorders;63 4.3.5.1;5.1 Respiratory Conditions;64 4.3.5.2;5.2 Gastrointestinal Conditions;64 4.3.5.3;5.3 Allergies and Atopic Disorders;65 4.3.5.4;5.4 Head Injury;65 4.3.5.5;5.5 Cardiovascular Conditions;65 4.3.5.6;5.7 Conclusion;66 4.3.6;6 Future Directions and Conclusions;67 4.3.7;References;67 5;Part II: Anxiety Disorders - Clinical Neuroscience;74 5.1;Genetics;75 5.1.1;1 Clinical Genetics;76 5.1.2;2 Molecular Genetics;77 5.1.2.1;2.1 Linkage Studies;77 5.1.2.2;2.2 Cytogenetic Studies;78 5.1.2.3;2.3 Association Studies/Interaction Analyses/Meta-Analyses;78 5.1.2.4;2.4 Gene-Environment Interaction Analyses;80 5.1.3;3 Analysis of Intermediate Phenotypes;80 5.1.4;4 Pharmacogenetics;82 5.1.5;5 Discussion and Perspectives;83 5.1.6;References;84 5.2;Neuroanatomy of Anxiety;88 5.2.1;1 Introduction;90 5.2.2;2 Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Studies;90 5.2.3;3 Antipredatory Defensive Systems;93 5.2.3.1;3.1 Amygdalar Systems Involved in Predator Detection;93 5.2.3.2;3.2 The Hipoccampal Formation and the Contextual Analysis for Predatory Environment;94 5.2.3.3;3.3 The Medial Hypothalamic Defensive System;94 5.2.3.4;3.4 The Periaqueductal Gray and the Integration of Antipredatory Responses;95 5.2.4;4 The Septum-Hippocampus and the Behavioral Inhibition System;95 5.2.5;5 The Prefrontal Cortex;97 5.2.5.1;5.1 mPFC and Conditioned Fear;99 5.2.5.2;5.2 mPFC and Innate Fear;100 5.2.5.3;5.3 mPFC and Visceral Reactions to Threat;100 5.2.5.4;5.4 PFC Responses to Stress;101 5.2.6;6 Clinical Findings and Anxiety Disorders;101 5.2.7;7 Conclusions;103 5.2.8;References;104 5.3;Stress and the Neuroendocrinology of Anxiety Disorders;108 5.3.1;1 Stress and Emotional Behavior;109 5.3.1.1;1.1 Mediators of the Stress Response;110 5.3.2;2 Anxiety Disorders and Stress;112 5.3.3;3 Animal Models of Stress and Anxiety;114 5.3.4;4 The Neurocircuitry of Stress - Implications for Anxiety;117 5.3.4.1;4.1 Struct