1;7854_1_En_FM1_OnlinePDF;1 2;7854_1_En_1_Part_OnlinePDF;12 2.1;Chapter : ;12 3;7854_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;13 3.1;Neuroplastic Alterations in the Limbic System Following Cocaine or Alcohol Exposure;13 3.1.1;Introduction;14 3.1.2;Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors;15 3.1.3;Cocaine-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Midbrain DA Neurons;16 3.1.4;Cocaine-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in the NAc;18 3.1.5;Amygdala Plasticity and Drugs of Abuse;19 3.1.6;Alcohol and Plasticity in Glutamate Receptors;22 3.1.7;Altered Intrinsic Excitability After Alcohol or Cocaine;24 3.1.8;Conclusions and Future Directions;27 3.1.9;References;28 4;7854_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;38 4.1;Dopamine Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens of Animals Self-Administering Drugs of Abuse;38 4.1.1;The Dopamine System: Implication in Normal Behavior and Addiction;40 4.1.1.1;Drug Addiction and Dopamine Neurotransmission in Humans;40 4.1.1.2;Drug Self-Administration as an Animal Model for Drug Addiction;40 4.1.1.3;Drug-Self-Administration and Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens;41 4.1.1.4;Anatomy of the Dopamine System and Dopamine Signal Transduction: Phasic and Tonic Release;42 4.1.1.5;Proposed Functions of Dopamine in the NAcc;43 4.1.1.5.1;Dopamine and Motivated Behavior;43 4.1.1.5.2;Dopamine and Reinforcement Learning;44 4.1.2;Dopamine Detection in the Behaving Animal: In Vivo Microdialysis, Chronoamperometry, and Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV);45 4.1.2.1;In Vivo Microdialysis;45 4.1.2.2;Electrochemical Techniques;45 4.1.2.2.1;In Vivo Chronoamperometry;46 4.1.2.2.2;In Vivo FSCV;47 4.1.3;Effects of Drugs of Abuse on Extracellular Dopamine Concentration in the NAcc;47 4.1.3.1;The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction;47 4.1.3.2;Drug Effects on Dopamine Signaling Measured Over the Course of Minutes: Microdialysis Studies;48 4.1.3.3;Drug Effects on Dopamine Signaling Measured Over the Course of Seconds to Hours: Chronoamperometry Studies;49 4.1.3.4;Drug Effects on Dopamine Signaling Measured on a Subsecond Time Scale: FSCV Studies;50 4.1.3.4.1;Changes in Phasic Dopamine Signaling to Response-Independent Drug Administration;50 4.1.3.4.2;Changes in Phasic Dopamine Signaling During Cocaine Self-Administration: The Role of Operant Behavior and Conditioned Stimuli;52 4.1.3.5;Summary;55 4.1.4;Effects of Withdrawal from Drugs of Abuse on the NAcc Dopamine System;55 4.1.4.1;Tonic Dopamine During Withdrawal;56 4.1.4.2;Phasic Dopamine During (Short-Term) Withdrawal;57 4.1.5;Stimulus-Induced NAcc Dopamine Release in the Absence of Drug: Implications for Reinstatement of Drug Seeking;58 4.1.5.1;Effects of Drug Cues on Tonic Dopamine Concentration in the NAcc;58 4.1.5.2;Effects of Drug Cues on Phasic Dopamine Signaling in the NAcc;59 4.1.6;The Role of NAcc Dopamine in Drug Addiction;60 4.1.6.1;Motivation and Addiction;61 4.1.6.2;Associative Learning and Addiction;61 4.1.7;Different Functions for Phasic and Tonic Dopamine Transmission in Addiction;62 4.1.7.1;Dopamine Signaling in the Drug-Naïve State (Fig.2a);63 4.1.7.2;Immediate Effects of Drug Exposure (Fig.2b);63 4.1.7.3;Long-Term Effects of Drug Exposure During Drug Withdrawal (Fig.2c);66 4.1.8;Summary;67 4.1.9;References;67 5;7854_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;81 5.1;Amygdala Mechanisms of Pavlovian Psychostimulant Conditioning and Relapse;81 5.1.1;Introduction;82 5.1.2;Amygdala Anatomy;84 5.1.2.1;Intrinsic Circuitry of the Amygdala;84 5.1.2.2;Afferent/Efferent Amygdala Projections;86 5.1.3;Behavioral Models of Drug Abuse and Relapse;88 5.1.3.1;Conditioned Place Preference;89 5.1.3.2;Self-Administration and Reinstatement;90 5.1.3.3;Summary of Behavioral Findings;92 5.1.4;Amygdala Neuronal Activity and Addiction;92 5.1.4.1;Immediate Early Gene Expression;93 5.1.4.2;Electrophysiological Recordings;93 5.1.5;Downstream Signaling Cascades and Neuroadaptations;95 5.1.5.1;Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms;96 5.1.5.2;Amygdala Neuroadaptations and Plasticity in Learning;97 5.1.6;Conclusions;98 5.1.6.1;Summary and Synthesis;98 5.1.6.2;Future Research;99 5