During the past decade there has been an increasing awareness of the need for a different approach to the problem of bilharziasis. We do know that 180-200 million people are infected and that the infection is increasing but we have not as yet been able to answer the question: Are they suffering from a disease. Study of vital statistics or hospital records, mass biochemical or immunological tests and community surveys have not yet provided the full answer. Gradually and perhaps begrudgingly, we have come to realize that we must study the ma- initially by means of well controlled clinical observations to obtain evidence for the altered physiology, if any, due to bilharzial infection; secondly and equally important through pathological studies on individual patients to determine the structural changes, if any, as a result of infection with this parasite; and by post mortem studies. Experimental studies of bilharzial infection in animals, valuable as they may be for the elucidation of the pathogenesis of the lesions in the laboratory animal and in man cannot serve as a substitute for the precise information on the nature of the possible lesions induced by bilharziasis in man. Basically, the significance of any clinical observation can 'be evaluated only through reliable pathological confirmation.

The Aim of the Symposium

The Schistosome Life-Cycle
The Epidemiology of Bilharziasis
Clinicopathological Aspects of Hepatosplenic Bilharziasis
Cardio-Pulmonary Bilharziasis
Pathological Aspects of Bilharziasis in Egypt
Some Clinicopathological Aspects of Urinary Bilharziasis
Malignant Bladder Tumors Associated with Schistosomiasis. A Gross and Microscopic Study
The Role of Bilharziasis in the Pathogenesis of Bladder Cancer
Clinical Patterns in Urinary Schistosomiasis
Egg-Output in Bilharziasis in Relation to Epidemiology, Pathology, Treatment and Control
Some Remarks on the Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Schistosomiasis in Central Africa
The Clinico-Pathological Manifestations of Intestinal Bilharziasis in Durban, South Africa
Schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Western Nigeria
Bilharziasis in French Speaking West Africa
The Pathology of Schistosomiasis in Japan. Historical Review of Research in Japan and its Relation to Liver Cirrhosis
Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Schistosomiasis in Brazil
Studies on Schistosomiasis Mansoni. Correlation between Clinical Finding, Liver Pathology and Portal Circulation Hemodynamics
Schistosomiasis Mansoni: Lesions Produced by Dead Worms in Liver and Lung
The Pathogenesis of Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Radiological Pathology and Methods of Investigation in Schistosomiasis
Geographic Pathology of Schistosomiasis Mansoni. Studies on Liver Injury
Histopathology of Schistosomiasis
Ecology and the Pathology of Bilharzia
Experimental Bilharzia
Immunodiagnosis in Schistosomiasis
Fluorescent Antibody Studies on the Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis Mansoni
Mechanisms of Schistosome Immunity
The Measurement of Schistosome Populations
A Comparison of Techniques for the Recovery of Schistosome Eggs in Autopsy Material
Summary and Conclusions. The Need for Research in Bilharziasis.