1;Foreword;6 2;Preface;8 3;Contents;10 4;Contributors;20 5;1 Paradise Lost - the Last Major Colonization;26 5.1;1.1 Introduction;26 5.2;1.2 Themes and Debates on Alien Species;27 5.2.1;1.2.1 Human Dimension of Alien Invasions;28 5.2.2;1.2.2 Ecological Superiority of Alien Species;28 5.2.3;1.2.3 Invasion Impacts Are Complex;30 5.2.4;1.2.4 Management Objectives;31 5.3;1.3 Outline of the Book;33 5.3.1;1.3.1 Magnitude of Alien Invasions;33 5.3.2;1.3.2 Controls on Invasion Success;34 5.3.3;1.3.3 Consequences of Alien Invasions;34 5.3.4;1.3.4 Management of Biological Invasions;35 5.4;1.4 Conclusion;36 5.5;References;37 6;A Magnitude of Alien Invasion;39 6.1;2 Becoming New Zealanders: Immigration and the Formation of the Biota;40 6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;40 6.1.2;2.2 Dispersal and Vicariance: Late Cretaceous to the Pleistocene;40 6.1.2.1;2.2.1 Gondwanic Pre-Separation Biota;42 6.1.2.2;2.2.2 Late Cretaceous to Pliocene: Post-Separation Change;43 6.1.2.3;2.2.3 Pleistocene;45 6.1.3;2.3 Dispersal and Formation of the Modern Biota;46 6.1.3.1;2.3.1 Independent Dispersal During the Human Era;46 6.1.3.2;2.3.2 Non-Endemic Species as an Indicator of Past Dispersal;46 6.1.3.3;2.3.3 Factors Affecting Immigration Success;47 6.1.4;2.4 Evolutionary Effects of Selective Dispersal and Island Environments;49 6.1.5;2.5 New Zealand in an Invasive World;49 6.1.6;References;52 6.2;3 Creating Gardens: The Diversity and Progression of European Plant Introductions;56 6.2.1;3.1 Introduction;56 6.2.2;3.2 The Chroniclers;57 6.2.3;3.3 Plant Introductions and Their Escape;58 6.2.3.1;3.3.1 Early European Settlers and Farming;58 6.2.3.2;3.3.2 Forestry;59 6.2.3.3;3.3.3 Erosion Control;60 6.2.3.4;3.3.4 Horticulture;61 6.2.3.5;3.3.5 Accidental Introductions;61 6.2.4;3.4 Regional Differences;62 6.2.5;3.5 Naturalized Flora;64 6.2.6;3.6 Attitudes Past and Present;67 6.2.7;3.7 Responding to the Deluge;67 6.2.8;References;69 6.3;4 Introduced Mammals in a New Environment;71 6.3.1;4.1 Introduction;71 6.3.2;4.2 Mammal Introductions in New Zealand;72 6.3.2.1;4.2.1 Times of Introductions and Extent of Spread;72 6.3.2.2;4.2.2 Factors Affecting Impact of Introduced Mammals;76 6.3.2.3;4.2.3 Functional Significance of the Introduced Mammals;78 6.3.3;4.3 Changes in the Herbivore-Predator Regime;78 6.3.4;Since 1200;78 6.3.4.1;4.3.1 Herbivores and Omnivores;78 6.3.4.2;4.3.2 Predators;80 6.3.5;4.4 Response of the New Zealand Biota;81 6.3.6;4.5 Conclusions;83 6.3.7;References;84 6.4;5 Parasites and Biological Invasions;89 6.4.1;5.1 Introduction;89 6.4.2;5.2 Taxonomic Affiliation of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife;90 6.4.3;5.3 Determinants of Establishment Success by Introduced and Invading Parasites;91 6.4.4;5.4 Exotic Parasite Impact on Native Fauna;92 6.4.5;5.5 Introduced Species as New Hosts for Native Parasites;93 6.4.6;5.6 Context Dependence of Exotic Parasite Impact;94 6.4.7;5.7 Disease Threat of Biological Invasions to New Zealand's Avifauna;96 6.4.8;5.8 Disease Threat of Biological Invasions to New Zealand Freshwater Fish;99 6.4.9;5.9 Conclusions;101 6.4.10;References;103 6.5;6 Export of Plant and Animal Species from an Insular Biota;107 6.5.1;6.1 Introduction;107 6.5.2;6.2 Plant Emigrants;107 6.5.3;6.3 Animal Emigrants;111 6.5.4;6.4 Conclusions;116 6.5.5;References;119 7;B Controls on Invasion Success;123 7.1;7 Genetics of Invasive Species in New Zealand;124 7.1.1;7.1 Introduction;124 7.1.2;7.2 Genetics of Colonization;124 7.1.3;7.3 New Zealand Examples;126 7.1.3.1;7.3.1 Bird Species;126 7.1.3.2;7.3.2 Biocontrol Agents;127 7.1.3.3;7.3.3 Pest Species;129 7.1.3.4;7.3.4 Invasive Plants;132 7.1.3.5;7.3.5 Hybridization and Invasive Potential;134 7.1.4;7.4 Potential Genetic Impacts on Indigenous Biota;135 7.1.5;7.5 Conclusions;136 7.1.6;References;136 7.2;8 Are the Marine Biotas of Island Ecosystems More Vulnerable to Invasion?;140 7.2.1;8.1 Introduction;140 7.2.2;8.2 Island Bioinvasion Theory;141 7.2.3;8.3 Are Marine Biotas of Islands More Invaded?;141 7.2.3.1;8.3.1 Number of