<p><b>1 The Bladder as a Dynamic System</b></p><p> </p><p>1.1 Anatomy of the human urinary bladder</p><p>1.2 Detrusor muscle</p><p>1.2.1 Morphology of smooth muscle</p><p>1.2.2 Electromechanical activity of the detrusor</p><p>1.2.3 Pacemaker activity</p><p>1.3 Neurohormonal regulatory system</p><p>1.3.1 Anatomical considerations</p><p>1.3.2 Neurotransmission</p><p>1.3.3 Electrophysiological characteristics of neurons</p><p>1.4 Morphofunctional states in the bladder</p><p>1.4.1 Bladder filling</p><p>1.4.2 Bladder voiding</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>2</b>. <b>Investigations into Biomechanics of the</b> <b>Bladder</b></p><p> </p><p>2.1 Biomechanics of the detrusor</p><p>2.2 Modelling of the bladder</p><p> References</p><p> </p><p><b>3 Geometry of Thin Shells</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>3.1 The bladder as a thin biological shell</p><p>3.2 Geometry of the shell</p><p>3.3 Tensor of affine deformation</p><p>3.4 Equations of continuity of deformations</p><p>3.5 Equations of equilibrium</p><p> References</p><p> </p><b>4 Essentials of the Theory of Soft Shells</b><p></p><p><b> </b></p><p>4.1 Deformation of the shell</p><p>4.2 Principal deformations</p><p>4.3 Membrane forces</p><p>4.4 Principal membrane forces</p><p>4.5 Equations of motion in general curvilinear coordinates</p><p>4.6 Nets</p><p>4.7 Corollaries of the fundamental assumptions</p><p> References</p><p><b> </b></p><p><b>5 Continual Model of the Detrusor</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>5.1 Basic assumptions</p><p>5.2 Model formulation</p>5.3 Biofactor<p></p><p>5.4 Special cases</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>6 A Model of the Detrusor Fasciculus</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>6.1 Formulation of the model</p><p>6.2 Physiological condition</p><p>6.3 Effects of pharmacological and extracellular ion changes on electromechanical activity of the detrusor</p><p>6.3.1 Changes in <i></i></p><p>6.3.2 L- and T-type channel antagonists</p><p>6.3.3 BK_Ca channel agonist/antagonist</p><p>6.3.4 K⁺ channel agonist/antagonist</p><p>6.3.5 - ATPase inhibitors</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>7 The Intrinsic Regulatory Pathways</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>7.1 Models of electrical activity of neurons</p><p>7.2 A model of neuronal assembly in the bladder</p><p>7.3 Response of the detrusor to stretching</p><p>7.4 Pharmacology of the neuronal pathway</p><p>7.4.1 Effect of iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin</p><p>7.4.2 Effect of -CgTX</p><p>7.4.3 Effect of TTX</p><p>7.4.4 Effect of purinoceptor agonists</p><p>7.4.5 Effect of protein kinase C activator</p><p>References</p> <p></p><p><b>8</b> <b>The Synaptic Transmission</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>8.1 A model of the synapse</p><p>8.2 cAMP-dependent pathway</p><p>8.3 PLC-dependent pathway</p><p>8.4 Physiological response</p><p>8.5 Variations in synaptic neurotransmission</p><p>8.5.1 Chloride salts of divalent cations</p><p>8.5.2 Change in [ ]</p><p>8.5.3 b - bungarotoxin</p><p>8.5.4 Botulinum toxin</p><p>8.5.5 Tetrodotoxin</p>8.5.6 High frequency stimulation<p></p><p>8.5.7 Inhibition of neuronal uptake-1 mechanism</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p> <b>9 Pharmacology of Detrusor Activity</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>9.1 Classes of drugs</p><p>9.2 Current pharmacological therapies of bladder dysfunction</p><p>9.3 Model of competitive antagonist action</p><p>9.4 Model of allosteric interaction</p><p>9.5 Allosteric modulation of competitive agonist/antagonist action</p><p>9.6 Effect of cholinergic antagonists/agonists</p><p>9.7 Inhibition of catechol-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase</p><p>9.8 Effect of <i>b</i> - adrenoceptor antagonists</p><p> References</p><p> </p><p><b> 10 Human Urinary Bladder as a Soft Biological Shell</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>10.1 Basic assumptions</p><p>10.2 Model of the bladder</p><p>10.3 Bladder mechanics</p><p> 10.3.1 Filling stage</p><p> 10.3.2 Voiding stage</p><p> 10.3.3 Pharmacological modulation of voiding</p><p> </p><p><b>11 </b><b>Challenges in Human Urinary Bladder Mechanics</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p>11.1 Urine-bladder interaction</p><p>11.2 Brain-bladder axis</p><p>11.3 Bladder substitutes</p><p> References</p><p><b>Index</b></p>