1;Preface;13 2;List of Contributing Authors;15 3;1 A new concept of biorefinery comes into operation: the EuroBioRef concept;19 3.1;1.1 General context;19 3.1.1;1.1.1 Toward a bio-based economy;19 3.1.2;1.1.2 Biorefineries and the level of integration;20 3.2;1.2 The EuroBioRef biorefinery concept, objectives, and methodology;21 3.2.1;1.2.1 Flexibility, adaptability, and multidimensional integration of the EuroBioRef project;21 3.2.2;1.2.2 The concept principles of EuroBioRef;23 3.2.3;1.2.3 The objectives of the EuroBioRef project;25 3.2.4;1.2.4 The EuroBioRef approach to reach the objectives;27 3.2.5;1.2.5 EuroBioRef innovation and expected results (Fig. 1.7);29 3.2.6;1.2.6 S/T methodology and associated subprojects;30 3.3;1.3 Main achievements of the first year of the project;32 3.4;Acknowledgements;35 3.5;References;35 4;2 Refinery of the future: feedstock, processes, products;37 4.1;2.1 Introduction;37 4.2;2.2 Competition;37 4.3;2.3 Impact of legislation;40 4.4;2.4 Regional impacts;41 4.5;2.5 Biorefineries - definitions and examples;41 4.5.1;2.5.1 Arkema's castor oil-based biorefinery;43 4.5.2;2.5.2 Elevance Renewable Sciences oil-based biorefinery;44 4.5.3;2.5.3 Vandeputte oil-based biorefinery;46 4.5.4;2.5.4 The "Les Sohettes" biorefinery;47 4.5.5;2.5.5 The starch-based Cargill biorefinery;47 4.5.6;2.5.6 Other biorefineries;47 4.6;2.6 Processing units;49 4.7;2.7 Capital cost;57 4.8;2.8 Conclusions;65 4.9;Acknowledgements;65 4.10;References;65 5;3 The terrestrial biomass: formation and properties (crops and residual biomass);67 5.1;3.1 Residual biomass;67 5.1.1;3.1.1 Straw;67 5.1.2;3.1.2 Wood;69 5.2;3.2 The oil crops;71 5.2.1;3.2.1 Castor seed (Ricinus communis L, Euphorbiaceae);71 5.2.2;3.2.2 Crambe (Crambe abysinica Hochst ex R.E. Fries, Brassicaceae/Crucifera);73 5.2.3;3.2.3 Cuphea (Cuphea sp., Lythraceae);77 5.2.4;3.2.4 Lesquerella (Lesquerella fendlheri L, Communis L, Cruciferae/Brassicaceae);79 5.2.5;3.2.5 Lunaria (Lunaria annua L, Brassicaciae/Crusiferae);80 5.2.6;3.2.6 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L, Compositae);82 5.3;3.3 The lignocellulosic crops;84 5.3.1;3.3.1 Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L, Compositae);84 5.3.2;3.3.2 Giant reed;86 5.3.3;3.3.3 Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus, Poaceae);90 5.3.4;3.3.4 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L, Poaceae);92 5.4;References;94 6;4 Production of aquatic biomass and extraction of bio-oil;99 6.1;4.1 Introduction;99 6.2;4.2 Characterization of aquatic biomass and its cultivation;100 6.2.1;4.2.1 Macro-algae;100 6.2.2;4.2.2 Micro-algae;102 6.3;4.3 Harvesting of aquatic biomass;105 6.3.1;4.3.1 Macro-algae;105 6.3.2;4.3.2 Micro-algae;106 6.4;4.4 Composition of aquatic biomass;107 6.5;4.5 Bio-oil content of aquatic biomass;109 6.6;4.6 The quality of bio-oil;110 6.7;4.7 Technologies for algal oil and chemicals extraction;112 6.7.1;4.7.1 Conventional solvent extraction;113 6.7.2;4.7.2 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE);113 6.7.3;4.7.3 Mechanical extraction;114 6.7.4;4.7.4 Biological extraction;114 6.8;4.8 Conclusions;114 6.9;References;115 7;5 Biomass pretreatment: separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin - existing technologies and perspectives;119 7.1;5.1 Introduction;119 7.2;5.2 Biomass composition;119 7.3;5.3 Physical and physicochemical pretreatments of biomass;120 7.3.1;5.3.1 Mechanical pretreatments;120 7.3.2;5.3.2 Irradiation;121 7.3.3;5.3.3 Pyrolysis;122 7.3.4;5.3.4 Torrefaction;123 7.3.5;5.3.5 Steam explosion and liquid hot water;123 7.3.6;5.3.6 Ammonia fiber explosion;125 7.3.7;5.3.7 CO2 explosion;126 7.4;5.4 Chemical pretreatments;127 7.4.1;5.4.1 Alkaline hydrolysis;127 7.4.2;5.4.2 Acid hydrolysis;129 7.4.3;5.4.3 Ozonolysis;130 7.4.4;5.4.4 Organosolv processes;131 7.4.5;5.4.5 Ionic liquid pretreatments;132 7.5;5.5 Conclusions and perspectives;132 7.6;References;135 8;6 Conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose into platform molecules: chemical routes;141 8.1;6.1 Introduction;141 8.2;6.2 Selective transformation of sugars to platform molecules;142 8.2.1;6.2.1 D