An Evidence-Based Reference Book: A Key Resource for Decision Makers and Practitioners.

Exploring the multifaceted, multidisciplinary and complex world of breastfeeding, breast milk and lactation. This book provides a factual, scientifically robust overview of the key topics written by leading experts at the heart of breastfeeding and breast milk. It aims to empower decision makers and practitioners with the knowledge required to increase promotion, protection and support for breastfeeding and the use of breast milk.

This book is a compilation of evidence-based feature articles covering one of nature's most valuable resources breast milk.

Based in Zug, Switzerland, the Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation is an independent charitable organisation that promotes research in breast milk and lactation.

1;Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation: Breastfeeding and Breast Milk - from Biochemistry to Impact;1 1.1;Innertitle;4 1.2;Imprint;5 1.3;Foreword;6 1.4;Preface;8 1.5;Contents;9 1.6;Part 1 Setting the Scene;18 1.6.1;1 Introduction;19 1.6.2;2 Breast Milk, Global Health and Sustainable Development;21 1.6.2.1;The Importance of Empowered Mothers;21 1.6.2.2;The Benefits of Breast Milk;21 1.6.2.3;Breastfeeding as an Equity Strategy;22 1.6.2.4;The Cost-Effectiveness of Breastfeeding;24 1.6.2.5;Breastfeeding's Poor "Performance;24 1.6.2.6;Barriers to Breastfeeding;25 1.6.2.7;A Collective Failure to Respond;26 1.6.2.8;Investments in Breastfeeding "Innovations;27 1.6.2.9;Breaking Breastfeeding Barriers: a Call to Action;28 1.6.2.10;Breastfeeding and the Sustainable Development Goals;29 1.6.3;3 Data Collection on Infant Feeding;33 1.6.3.1;Data Collection on Infant "Feeding;33 1.6.3.1.1;What Data Need to be Collected;33 1.6.3.1.2;Who Collects Data and How;33 1.6.3.2;Problems with Data Collection;37 1.6.3.2.1;How Exclusive is Exclusive Breastfeeding?;38 1.6.3.2.2;Does Breastfeeding Include Breast Milk Feeding?;38 1.6.3.2.3;How to Collect Complex "Feeding Data: Preterm Infants, Multiples;38 1.6.3.3;Conclusion;38 1.6.4;4 How Breastfeeding Works;40 1.6.4.1;Introduction;40 1.6.4.2;Background;40 1.6.4.3;Gross Anatomy;45 1.6.4.3.1;History;45 1.6.4.3.2;Foetal and Pubertal "Development;46 1.6.4.3.3;Non-Lactating Adult Breast;47 1.6.4.3.4;Pregnancy;49 1.6.4.3.5;Lactating Breast;55 1.6.4.4;Physiology;57 1.6.4.4.1;Origin of Milk;57 1.6.4.4.2;Secretory Differentiation;59 1.6.4.4.3;Secretory Activation;60 1.6.4.4.4;Milk Ejection;65 1.6.4.4.5;Infant Suck, Swallow, and Breathe;67 1.6.4.4.6;Established Lactation;68 1.6.4.4.7;Reference Ranges;71 1.6.4.5;Changes to Physiology in Mother and Infant;73 1.6.4.5.1;Menstrual Cycle;75 1.6.4.5.2;Weaning and Involution;75 1.6.4.6;Conclusion;76 1.6.5;5 Why Breastfeeding?;79 1.6.5.1;Introduction;79 1.6.5.2;The Evolution of Lactation;79 1.6.5.3;Assessing Health Effects of Breastfeeding;82 1.6.5.4;Breastfeeding and Maternal Health;83 1.6.5.5;Breastfeeding and Infant Health;83 1.6.5.6;Conclusion;87 1.7;Part 2 Different Perspectives;92 1.7.1;6 Introduction;93 1.7.2;7 Human Milk: Bioactive Components and their Effects on the Infant and Beyond;94 1.7.2.1;What Science Tells Us about "Human Milk;94 1.7.2.2;Key Properties of Human Milk and their Functions;94 1.7.2.2.1;Fat;96 1.7.2.2.2;Protein;97 1.7.2.3;Carbohydrate: Lactose;100 1.7.2.3.1;Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs);100 1.7.2.4;Vitamins and Minerals;101 1.7.2.5;Human Milk Microbiome;102 1.7.2.6;Appetite Factors;102 1.7.2.7;Metabolites;103 1.7.2.8;New Discoveries;104 1.7.2.8.1;Cells;104 1.7.2.8.2;MicroRNA;106 1.7.2.9;What Does the Future Hold?;108 1.7.3;8 The Psychological Effects of Breastfeeding;120 1.7.3.1;Introduction;120 1.7.3.2;Psychological Implications for Mothers;120 1.7.3.2.1;Oxytocin and Prolactin;120 1.7.3.2.2;Maternal Bonding;121 1.7.3.2.3;Maternal Stress Regulation;122 1.7.3.2.4;Maternal Coping Strategies;124 1.7.3.2.5;Postpartum Depression;125 1.7.3.3;Impacts on the Infant;126 1.7.3.3.1;Attachment;126 1.7.3.3.2;Temperament;126 1.7.3.4;Psychological Barriers to Breastfeeding;127 1.7.3.4.1;Societal Pressures;128 1.7.3.4.2;The Mother's Partner;129 1.7.3.4.3;Mental Health Barriers;130 1.7.3.5;Conclusions;130 1.7.4;9 Sociological and Cultural Influences upon Breastfeeding;138 1.7.4.1;Societal Attitudes Towards Breastfeeding;141 1.7.4.1.1;Perceptions of the Breast;141 1.7.4.1.2;Perceptions of Breast Milk;142 1.7.4.1.3;Attitudes to Breastfeeding in Public;142 1.7.4.1.4;Attitudes Towards Formula Milk;144 1.7.4.2;Societal Attitudes Towards Mothering;145 1.7.4.2.1;Postnatal Depression;146 1.7.4.2.2;Work;147 1.7.4.3;Familial Influences;148 1.7.4.3.1;Fathers/Partner;149 1.7.4.3.2;A Woman's Own Mother;149 1.7.4.4;Ethnicity, Acculturation, and "Religion;150 1.7.4.4.1;Ethnicity in Western Regions;150 1.7.4.4.2;Acculturation;151 1.7.4.4.3;Religious and Cultural Beliefs;151