1;Foreword;6 2;Preface;7 3;Foreword to the Italian Edition;8 4;Preface to the Italian Edition;9 5;Contents;11 6;Contributors;17 7;I General;22 7.1;1 History of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;23 7.2;2 Anatomy of the Carpal Tunnel;30 7.3;3 Normal Anatomy and Variations of the Median Nerve in the Carpal Tunnel;33 7.4;4 Etiopathogenesis;41 7.5;5 The Pathophysiology of Median Nerve Compression;48 7.6;6 Ischemia- Reperfusion Injury as a Common Etiology of " Idiopathic" Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Evidence;62 7.7;7 Carpal Canal Pressure Measurements: Literature Review and Clinical Implications;69 8;II Diagnosis;81 8.1;8 Clinical Diagnosis;83 8.2;9 Neurophysiological Assessment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;89 8.3;10 Diagnostic Imaging;95 8.4;11 Quantitative Assessment of Historical and Objective Findings: A New Clinical Severity Scale of CTS;102 8.5;12 Differential Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;109 8.6;13 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Rare Causes;115 9;III Treatment;123 9.1;14 Conservative Care for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;125 9.2;15 The Cutaneous Innervation of the Palm and Its Implications During Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery;131 9.3;16 Traditional Technique: Wrist- Palm Incision;135 9.4;17 Palmar Incision;141 9.5;18 Open Carpal Tunnel Release with a Short Palmar Incision and No Specialized Instruments Combined with a Rehabilitation Program for Early Return to Activity;150 9.6;19 The Mini- Invasive Technique for Carpal Tunnel Release: Open Approach with Converse Fiberoptic Light Retractor;155 9.7;20 The Indiana Tome for Carpal Tunnel Release;160 9.8;21 Alternative Techniques and Variants: Double Approach - Proximal and Distal Mini- Incisions;167 9.9;22 Anatomic Landmarks for Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release;171 9.10;23 Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release;176 9.11;24 Endoscopic Technique: The Gilbert Technique ( or Technique by Two Different Portals);186 9.12;25 Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release;191 9.13;26 Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: Menon's Technique;197 9.14;27 The Distal Single Incision Scope- Assisted Carpal Tunnel Release - Thirteen- Year Follow- Up Results;206 9.15;28 Carpal Tunnel Release with Limited Visualization;214 9.16;29 Closed Technique With Paine Retinaculotome and Modified Retinaculotome MDC;220 9.17;30 Closed Carpal Tunnel Release Technique with GRS;231 9.18;31 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Release Using the Chiena Technique;240 9.19;32 Reconstruction of the Flexor Retinaculum;246 9.20;33 Critical Appraisal of Transverse Carpal Ligament Reconstruction. Theoretical, Experimental, and Clinical Considerations;259 9.21;34 Comparison of Grip Strength Evolution After Carpal Tunnel Release by Three Different Techniques;261 9.22;35 Median Nerve Compression Secondary to Fractures of the Distal Radius;267 10;IV Rehabilitation;274 10.1;36 Postoperative Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome After Median Nerve Decompression ( Open Field or Endoscopic Technique);275 11;V Complications;287 11.1;37 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgical Complications;289 11.2;38 Complications Following Endoscopic Treatment;310 11.3;39 Role of Neurosensory Testing in Differential Diagnosis of Failed Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;319 11.4;40 Secondary Carpal Tunnel Surgery;327 11.5;41 Hypothenar Fat- Pad Flap;339 11.6;42 Management of Recurrence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome by Using the Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle Flap to Cover the Median Nerve;344 11.7;43 Protection of the Median Nerve with the Pronator Quadratus and Palmaris Brevis Muscle Flaps;347 11.8;44 Vein Wrapping of the Median Nerve;353 11.9;45 Synovial Flap Plasty as a Treatment of Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;358 11.10;46 Reverse Island Forearm Flaps for the Coverage of the Median Nerve in Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;363 11.11;47 The Ulnar Fascial- Fat Flap for the Treatment of Scarred Median Nerve in Recalcitrant Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;381 11.12;48 Protective Covering of the Nerve by the " Vela Quadra" Flap;389 11.13;49 Free Vascularized Omental Transfer for the Treatment of Recalci