A. Schneeweiss Although the syndrome of congestive heart failure has been recognized many years ago, the approach for its evaluation and treatment has until recently, been partial and 'fragmentary'. Various aspects of the disease have been treated according to the evaluation tools and therapeutic measures available at each period. This approach resulted in some of the greatest achievements in the management of heart failure but also left many aspects neglected and also resulted in several paradoxes. Examples of the achievements and limitations of the 'fragmentary' ap proach are the use of diuretics and hemodynamic measurements. The devel opment of diuretics has provided us with an important tool for helping pa tients whose predominant problem was edema. The success of diuretics masked the fact that their use may often be hemodynamically unsound and that they may reduce cardiac output. Only many years after their introduction has the use of diuretics found its appropriate place. Hemodynamic monitoring has gone via the same path. The great contribu tion of continuous bedside hemodynamic measurements to understanding heart failure resulted in over-usage by many clinicians, who found themselves treating hemodynamic charts rather than patients. It took almost a decade to realize that hemodynamic improvement, even in the chronic setting, does not necessarily mean symptomatic improvement or an increase in exercise capac ity.

I. Quality of Life

The Pathophysiological Basis, Clinical Presentation, and Therapy of Chronic Heart Failure
On the Epidemiology of Heart Failure
Mortality Versus Quality of Life
Quality of Life Assessment in Congestive Heart Failure: Points of View from a Cardiologist and a Psychologist
From Heaven Through the World to the Earth
Quality of Life: Semantic History, Political and Scientific Terminology, Measurement and Methodology, Medical Research
Measuring the Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure: Basic Principles, Methods, and Use in Clinical Studies
Quality of Life after Bypass and Valvular Surgery: Results of a Prospective Study
Guidelines for Improving Prognosis, Stress Tolerance, and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure: Cardiological and Psychological Aspects
Quality of Life of Infants and Children with Cardiac Disease and Cardiac Failure Both Before and After Cardiac Surgery
Health Care and Economic Aspects of the Quality of Life of Heart Failure Patients
The Questionnaire as a Tool for the Empirical Assessment of Quality of Life in Patients with Cardiac Failure
Quality of Life: A Relevant Endpoint
Prevention: The Risk Factor Model and Life-Styles Relevant to Health
II. Nitrate Therapy
The Role of Nitrates in Congestive Heart Failure
Chemical Pathways Proposed for the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrovasodilators and Their Conversion into Vasoactive Species
Effect of Intravenous Isosorbide Dinitrate Versus Nitroglycerin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Elevated Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure
Effects of Isosorbide-5-Mononitrate on Haemodynamics and Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Heart Failure: Comparisons with Digoxin and Placebo
Improved Left Ventricular Geometry and Function by Prolonged Nitroglycerin Therapy After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Intravenous Nitroglycerin in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Effects of Intravenous Nitrates in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Hemodynamic Effects of a Subchronic Therapy with 120 mg Isosorbide Dinitrate Slow-Release in Coronary Artery Disease and Left Heart Failure
Isosorbide Dinitrate and Nitroglycerin Oral Spray in Heart Failure
Nitrates in Heart Failure.