1: HISTORY OF STEELMAKING1.1 How it all began1.2 First attempts at steelmaking1.3 Steelmaking process development 2: STEELMAKING PROCESSES2.1 Introduction2.2 Raw Materials3: INTRODUCTION TO THE BIO STEEL CYCLE3.1 Introduction3.2 Motivation3.3 BF/BOF route carbon capture3.4 BF/BOF off-heat utilisation4: THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE BIO STEEL CYCLE (BISC)4.1 Introducing the BiSC key components for net-zero carbon steel manufacturing4.2 BF/BOF route carbon capture 4.3 BF/BOF off-heat utilisation in iron and steelmaking4.4 Renewable energy technologies4.5 DAC Woodlands4.6 CEPS 4.7 Geomimetic® Process 4.8 Anaerobic digestion4.9 Sewage treatment4.9 Biogas, biomass and hydrogen 5: MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS (MCDA) FOR BISC (BIO STEEL CYCLE)5.1 Introduction5.2 Basics of MCDA for BiSC5.3 MCDA for BiSC5.4 MCDA sensitivity analysis to variation in scores or weighting5.5 MCDA examination and analysis of the derived results5.6 MCDA Conclusions and discussion5.7 The Bio Steel Cycle implementation stages, support schemes and cost5.8 Conclusions and discussion6: THE CAT AND REDUCING EFFECTS OF THE BISC KEY COMPONENTS IMPLEMENTATION6.1 Introduction6.2 BF/BOF route carbon capture6.3 Renewable energy technologies6.4 DAC Woodlands6.5 CEPS and Geomimetic® process 6.6 Anaerobic digestion, sewage treatment6.7 Biomass, biogas and hydrogen6.8 CCUS6.9 Validating process flowcharts and simulations6.10 Findings7: GREATER ENERGY INDEPENDENCE WITH SUSTAINABLE STEEL PRODUCTION7.1 Introduction7.2 Materials and methods7.3 Heat loss recovery - energy and CO2 saving protocols7.4 Retrofitting renewable energy technologies on site7.5 Conclusions8: TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES TO AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE BISC CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION8.1 Introduction8.2 Challenges8.3 Opportunities8.4 Conclusions9: SKILLS SETS REQUIRED WITHIN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS AND SECTORS9.1 Introduction9.2 Solar9.3 Wind turbines9.4 Hydro9.5 Geothermal9.6 Green Hydrogen9.7 Biomass9.8 Biogas9.9 Conclusion10: THE FUTURE OF GREEN STEEL10.1 Introduction10.2 United Kingdom10.3 United States of America10.4 Brazil10.5 Russias Federation10.6 India10.7 China 10.8 Australia10.9 Canada10.10 Norway10.11 EU - Germany10.12 Discussion and conclusions11 AN IDEALISED TIMELINE OF POSSIBILITIES11.1 Introduction11.2 Political decision making and legislative foundations11.3 All-encompassing industrial response11.4 Investment in people11.5 Infrastructural improvement 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUGGESTIONS12.1 Discussion of Findings