1;Contents;5 2;Allocating Cancer-Directed Expenditures: Tensions Between Prevention, Early Detection and Treatment is Unnecessary;11 2.1;1.1 Introduction;11 2.2;1.2 Our Life Expectancy and Cancer Success Stories;12 2.3;1.3 No Cure in Sight: Costs of Drugs, Gadgets, Genomics and Technology;12 2.4;1.4 Bending the Cancer Cost Curve;15 2.5;1.5 Conclusion;18 2.6;References;18 3;Lessons Learned from Prevention Programs: Different Endpoints Should Be Used in Secondary and Tertiary Prevention;20 3.1;2.1 Introduction;20 3.2;2.2 Methods;21 3.3;2.3 Results;22 3.4;2.4 Discussion;25 3.5;References;27 4;Biomarkers for Early Detection and as Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer Prevention Trials: Issues and Opportunities;30 4.1;Abbreviations;30 4.2;3.1 Biomarkers: What They Are and How They Are Applied;32 4.3;3.2 Breast Precancer and Cancer Prevention;37 4.4;3.3 Prostate Cancer Prevention;44 4.5;3.4 Colorectal Cancer Prevention;46 4.6;3.5 Lung Cancer Prevention;47 4.7;3.6 Conclusions;49 4.8;References;51 5;Targeting Polyamines and Inflammation for Cancer Prevention;57 5.1;Abbreviations;57 5.2;4.1 Introduction;58 5.3;4.2 Polyamines, Inflammation, and Cancer;58 5.4;4.3 Roles of Inflammation and Polyamines in Prostate Cancer;61 5.5;4.4 Roles of Inflammation and Polyamines in Colon Cancer;63 5.6;4.5 Roles of Inflammation and Polyamines in Other Cancers;67 5.7;4.6 Conclusions;68 5.8;References;68 6;Thinking About the Role ( Largely Ignored) of Heavy Metals in Cancer Prevention: Hexavalent Chromium and Melanoma as a Case in Point;73 6.1;5.1 Background;73 6.2;5.2 Major Risk Factors for Cutaneous Melanoma;75 6.3;5.3 Metals;77 6.4;5.4 Future Prospects;80 6.5;References;80 7;Hepatitis B Virus and Cancer Prevention;83 7.1;6.1 Infection and Cancer;83 7.2;6.2 Disease Burden of Liver Cancer;85 7.3;6.3 Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma;85 7.4;6.4 Cancer Prevention Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma;86 7.5;6.5 Hepatitis B Vaccination Program;87 7.6;6.6 Effective Reduction of Chronic HBV Infection by Universal Hepatitis B Immunization;87 7.7;6.7 The Effect on Liver Cancer Prevention by Vaccination;88 7.8;6.8 Problems and Strategies of Successful HCC Prevention by Hepatitis B Vaccination;89 7.9;6.9 Implications and Future Prospects;89 7.10;References;90 8;Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C;93 8.1;7.1 Hepatitis C;93 8.2;7.2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma;94 8.3;7.3 Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma;95 8.4;7.4 Conclusions;105 8.5;References;105 9;Nutritional Aspects of Primary Prostate Cancer Prevention;108 9.1;8.1 Introduction;108 9.2;8.2 Dietary/Nutritional Factors;109 9.3;8.3 American Cancer Society (ACS) Guideline;112 9.4;8.4 Conclusions;113 9.5;References;113 10;Prostate Cancer Prevention with 5 Alpha- Reductase Inhibitors;115 10.1;9.1 Rationale for the Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer;115 10.2;9.2 The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial;116 10.3;9.3 Pathologic Characteristics of the Cancers in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial;116 10.4;9.4 Finasteride Increases Sensitivity of Prostate- Specific Antigen, Digital Rectal Examination and Biopsy Detection for Prostate Cancer;117 10.5;9.5 Side Effects of Finasteride;119 10.6;9.6 Conclusion;119 10.7;References;119 11;Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer;121 11.1;10.1 Background;121 11.2;10.2 HRT Use in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer;122 11.3;10.3 HRT and Risk of Breast Cancer;124 11.4;10.4 HRT After Oophorectomy in Women Less Than 50 Years of Age;125 11.5;10.5 Coronary Heart Disease;126 11.6;10.6 Potential Biological Explanations;127 11.7;10.7 Conclusions;128 11.8;References;128 12;Physical Activity and Breast Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence and Biologic Mechanisms;131 12.1;11.1 Epidemiologic Evidence;132 12.2;11.2 Biologic Mechanisms;138 12.3;11.3 Conclusion;141 12.4;References;142 13;Prevention of Breast Cancer by Newer SERMs in the Future;146 13.1;12.1 Introduction;146 13.2;12.2 Arzoxifene;147 13.3;12.3 Lasofoxifene;147 13.4;12.4 Discuss