This volume contains the lectures and discussion papers presented at the II. In ternational Symposium on Innovations in Management, Technology and Phar macology held on 26-28 May 1984 in Liidenscheid. This symposium delt with fur ther developments in the sector of the closed-circuit system; non-invasive mea surement and monitoring systems; new aspects of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology; oxygen-transporting substances; and particular questions in pharma cology. The purpose of this meeting was to allow a mutual international exchange of news on interesting new developments, particularly as these relate to the closed-circuit system, and the encouragement of further scientific developments. It must be made clear that the large-scale introduction of the closed-circuit sys tem has to be the occasion of completely new quality standards both in anesthesia and in all related technological sectors, combined with the highest demands in terms of precision and measuring techniques. The conventional and still quite crude clinical anesthetic procedures will have to make way for much more phys iological, micromolecular precision techniques, which will compare with our present methods rather in the same way as a microelectrode to a spear and will allow new levels of achievement in anesthesiology. All our tasks will need to be rethought and thoroughly understood from these aspects. Some anesthesists, physiologists and engineers already see the closed-circuit system as a challenge, while for others this system will still mean a great deal of work and creativity be fore the problems are finally solved in the future.

The Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia System

The Closed Circuit: Past and Future
Practical Application of the Closed-Circuit System
Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia in Gynaecology and Obstetrics
First Clinical Experiences with the Narcocon in Completely Computerized On-Demand Closed-Circuit Ventilation
Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia for Cardiac Patients
Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia for Paediatric Patients
Integrated Monitoring of Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia
Monitors in Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia
Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia: Actual Inspired Gas Concentrations Measured by Mass Spectrometer
Can We Practise Safe, Simple Closed-Circuit Anaesthesia without Extensive Monitoring or Calculus?
Estimation of Cardiac Output and Lung Tissue Volume in Closed-Circuit (Rebreathing) Systems
Controlled Respiration with He-O2 Mixtures Using a Semi-open and a Closed System
Technical Conception of an Anaesthesia System with Measurement and Semiautomated Dosage of Gases and Vapours
Discussion I
Non-invasive Monitoring
Non-invasive Monitoring of tcpO2 and tcpCO2 in Patients with Normal and Compromised Circulation
A Microsystem to Measure Respiratory and Anaesthetic Gases During Surgery
On-Line Estimation of Cerebral Oxygenation
A Continuous Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurement Which is Controlled by Finger Plethysmography
A New Approach to Photoelectric Plethysmography
High-Amplification Electrocardiography
An Electronic Procedure and Device for Determining the Position of a Catheter or a Probe
New Aspects of Respiration Physiology and Circulation
Effect of Different Ventilator Settings and Surfactant Replacement on Lung Function in Severe Respiratory Insufficiency
Microphysiological Studies on Oxygenation of Normal or Ischaemic Myocardium
Autotransfusion inSurgical Practice: An Update
Changes in Important Biochemical Parameters Due to Extreme Haemodilution with Cross-linked Stromafree Haemoglobin Solution
Physical Aspects in Peripheral Perfusion
Pneumatically Controlled Circulation in Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Discussion II
New Aspects of Pharmacological Treatment
Importance of Chronopharmacology in Medicine
Analgesic Effect of Continuous Intrathecal Beta-Endorphin in Cancer Patients
Epidural, On-Demand, Low-Dose Infusion of Morphine and Postoperative Pain Relief
Discussion III.