Alvaro Della Bona, DDS, MMedSci, PhD, is Senior Professor and Dean of the Dental School at University of Passo Fundo, Brazil and also Emeritus Professor (Livre-docente) at the Dental School, São Paulo State University. Dr. Della Bona pursued a specialty training in Restorative Dentistry at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA and obtained his Master of Medical Science (MMedSci) degree in Restorative Dentistry from the University of Sheffield, UK. He became a Research Fellow in Dental Biomaterials by the University of Otago, New Zealand. After his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida, USA, Dr. Della Bona pursued his first post-doctorate degree in Tissue Engineering at the University of Michigan, USA and his second post-doctorate at the University of Colorado, USA.

Dr. Della Bona has been a member of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) since 1991 and has chaired the IADR's Ethics in Research Committee, GSK Innovation in Oral Care Awards Committee, and Nominating Committee. He is also a past President (2010-2) of the Academy of Dental Materials (ADM) and past Vice-President of Keramos (2000-1). He has been an editorial board member for a number of leading journals in dentistry and oral science and is currently editor-in-chief of Current Dentistry and RFO-UPF (dental journal of the University of Passo Fundo). Dr. Della Bona is a Fellow of the ADM and in 2000 won the ADM's Paffenbarger Award for best paper in the field of dental materials. He is currently principal investigator on several research projects and has authored more than 200 journal articles as well as four books. He has an index (Web of Science) of 31.

Alvaro Della Bona, DDS, MMedSci, PhD, FADM

Doctor of Dental Science (DDS) at the University of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil (1987).

Preceptorship in Restorative Dentistry at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA (1992).

Master of Medical Science (MMedSci) in Restorative Dentistry at the University of Sheffield, UK (1994).

Postgraduate Visiting Fellow in Dental Biomaterials at the University of Otago, New Zealand (1996).

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Materials Science & Engineering at the University of Florida, USA (2001).

Postdoctoral in Tissue Engineering at the University of Michigan, USA (2013)

Postdoctoral in Hybrid Ceramic 3D Printing at the University of Colorado, USA (2020)

Senior Professor and Former Dean at the Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.

Past-President of the Academy of Dental Materials (ADM).

1;Preface;62;Acknowledgements;73;Contents;84;About the Editors;95;1: Color Science and Its Application in Dentistry;105.1;1.1 Color Measurements and Whiteness Indexes;105.1.1;1.1.1 CIE Standard Observers;115.1.1.1;1.1.1.1 CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer;115.1.1.2;1.1.1.2 CIE [2] Standard Colorimetric Observer;135.1.2;1.1.2 CIE Color Space;145.1.2.1;1.1.2.1 CIE 1976 (L?a?b?) Color Space-CIELAB;155.1.3;1.1.3 Color-Difference Formulas;175.1.4;1.1.4 Whiteness Indexes;205.2;1.2 Optical Properties and Measuring Methods;225.2.1;1.2.1 Optical Properties;225.2.1.1;1.2.1.1 Scattering;225.2.1.2;1.2.1.2 Absorption;225.2.1.3;1.2.1.3 Transmittance;235.2.1.4;1.2.1.4 Radiative Transport Equation;235.2.1.5;1.2.1.5 Translucency and Opacity;245.2.1.6;1.2.1.6 Opalescence and Fluorescence;255.2.2;1.2.2 Methods of Measuring Optical Properties;275.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Kubelka-Munk Theory;285.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Inverse Adding-Doubling Method;315.2.3;1.2.3 Application of Color Science and Optical Properties to Dental Structures and Dental Materials;345.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Color of Tooth;345.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Optical Properties of Dental Structures and Dental Materials;365.2.3.2.1;The Anisotropy Factor (g);375.2.3.2.2;Absorption Coefficient (?a) and Scattering Coeffficient (?s);375.2.3.2.3;Absorption (K) and Scattering (S) Coefficients, Transmittance (T), and Reflectivity (RI) According to the Kubelka-Munk Theory;375.3;Further Readings;446;2: Teaching and Training Color Determination in Dentistry;486.1;2.1 Teaching and Training Color Science in Dentistry;486.2;2.2 Applying Methodologies to Dental Students and Dentists;506.3;2.3 Teaching and Learning Methods;516.4;2.4 Scientific Communication;546.5;Further Readings;547;3: Visual Shade Matching;567.1;3.1 Physiology of the Eye and Vision;577.1.1;3.1.1 Anatomical Structure of the Human Eye;577.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Equivalent Power and Focal Lengths;587.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Cornea;607.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 Anterior Chamber;617.1.1.4;3.1.1.4 Iris and Pupil;617.1.1.5;3.1.1.5 Lens;617.1.1.6;3.1.1.6 Retina;637.1.2;3.1.2 Field of Vision;647.1.3;3.1.3 Accommodation;647.1.4;3.1.4 Depth of Focus and Depth of Field;667.1.5;3.1.5 Evaluation of the Amount of Light;667.1.5.1;3.1.5.1 Luminous Efficiency Curve;677.1.5.2;3.1.5.2 Scopic Vision;697.2;3.2 Color Perception;707.2.1;3.2.1 Color Vision;707.2.2;3.2.2 Subjectivity of Color Vision Determination in Dentistry;717.3;3.3 Description of Available Dental Shade Guides and Shades Matching Procedures;727.3.1;3.3.1 VITA Classical and Lumin Vacuum Shade Guides;727.3.2;3.3.2 VITA System 3D-Master;737.4;3.4 Perceptibility and Acceptability Thresholds;787.4.1;3.4.1 Color Perceptibility and Acceptability Thresholds (PT and AT) Apply to Dentistry;787.4.2;3.4.2 Whiteness Perceptibility and Acceptability Thresholds in Dentistry;807.4.3;3.4.3 Translucency Perceptibility and Acceptability Thresholds in Dentistry;847.5;Further Readings;878;4: Instrumental Shade Matching;898.1;4.1 Science and Technology of Instruments to Measure Color, Color Coordinates, and Optical Properties;908.2;4.2 Reliability of Dental Color-Measuring Devices;948.3;4.3 Reproducibility and Inter-Device Agreement for Dental Color Measurement Devices;948.4;4.4 Agreement Between Visual and Instrumental Shade Matching;958.5;4.5 Objective Values and Their Adequate Interpretation;968.6;4.6 Color Stability of Dental Materials;978.7;4.7 Objective Shade Matching;998.8;4.8 Clinical Relevance and Application of Whiteness Indices: Monitoring Bleaching Process and Efficiency;1008.9;Further Readings;1049;5: Color Management and Communication in Dentistry;1079.1;5.1 Digital Photography and Ambient Setup for Dental Photography;1079.1.1;5.1.1 Visual Shade Matching Environment;1089.1.2;5.1.2 Electronic Flash;1089.1.3;5.1.3 Photographic Tools Used in Dental Shade Matching;1099.2;5.2 Imaging Assisting Shade Determination;1139.3;5.3 Dentist-Patient Communication;1169.4;5.4 Dentist-Lab Technic