1;Preface;62;Editors;103;Contents;144;Contributors;185;Chapter 1: Mould Infections: A Global Threat to Immunocompromised Patients;225.1;1.1 Introduction;235.2;1.2 Spectrum of Mould Diseases;245.3;1.3 Risk Factors for Mould-Disseminated Diseases;255.4;1.4 Aspergillosis;275.5;1.5 Zygomycosis;295.6;1.6 Fusariosis;305.7;1.7 Scedosporiosis;315.8;1.8 Other Mould Infections;335.8.1;1.8.1 Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis;335.8.2;1.8.2 Emergent and Uncommon Fungi;335.9;1.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusions;345.10;References;356;Chapter 2: Virulence and Pathogenicity of Fungal Pathogens with Special Reference to Candida albicans;416.1;2.1 Introduction;426.2;2.2 Diseases Caused by Human Pathogenic Fungi;436.3;2.3 Host-Fungi Interaction: The Process of Infection;446.3.1;2.3.1 Entry or Adherence to the Host Tissue;446.3.2;2.3.2 Adaptation and Propagation;456.3.3;2.3.3 Dissemination;466.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Host Factors;466.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Fungal Factors;466.4;2.4 Virulence and Pathogenicity;476.5;2.5 Candida albicans: An Opportunistic Fungus;486.6;2.6 Virulence Factors Involved in Pathogenicity of Candida albicans;516.6.1;2.6.1 Adhesion;526.6.2;2.6.2 Morphogenesis;526.6.3;2.6.3 Phenotypic Switching;536.6.4;2.6.4 Phospholipases;546.6.5;2.6.5 Proteinases;546.6.6;2.6.6 Biofilm Formation;556.7;2.7 Conclusion;596.8;References;607;Chapter 3: Animal as Reservoir of Fungal Diseases (Zoonoses?);667.1;3.1 Mycoses as Zoonoses;667.2;3.2 Importance of Molecular Tools in the Study of Fungal Infections;687.3;3.3 Mycoses;697.4;3.4 Dermatophytosis;707.5;3.5 Aspergillosis;727.6;3.6 Candidiasis;747.7;3.7 Cryptococcoses;757.8;3.8 Malassezia pachydermatis;767.9;3.9 Pneumocystis;777.10;3.10 Dimorphic Fungi;797.10.1;3.10.1 Blastomycosis;797.10.2;3.10.2 Histoplasmosis;807.10.3;3.10.3 Coccidioidomycoses;817.10.4;3.10.4 Sporotrichosis;827.11;3.11 Pythiosis;837.12;3.12 Conclusions;837.13;References;848;Chapter 4: Fungi Associated with Eye Infections with Special Reference to Corneal Keratitis and Their Possible Reservoir;908.1;4.1 An Introduction to Ocular Fungal Infection;908.1.1;4.1.1 Predisposing Risk Factors for Fungal Keratitis;958.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Corneal Trauma;968.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Contamination Through Contact Lenses;978.1.1.3;4.1.1.3 Use of Contaminated Topical Steroids;978.1.1.4;4.1.1.4 Other Factors;978.2;4.2 Infections of the Cornea;988.3;4.3 Diagnosis of Fungal Infections of the Eye;1038.3.1;4.3.1 The Detection of Fungal Elements;1048.3.2;4.3.2 Culture and Identification;1048.3.3;4.3.3 Molecular Methods for the Diagnosis of Mycotic Keratitis;1058.4;4.4 Soil and Other Environments as Reservoir of Ocular Fungi;1078.5;4.5 Conclusion;1118.6;References;1119;Chapter 5: Antifungal Drugs Mode of Action and Recent Development;1179.1;5.1 Antifungal Drugs, Recent Development;1179.2;5.2 Mode of Action;1199.3;5.3 Combination Effect Between Antifungal Agents;1219.4;5.4 Future Developments;1249.5;References;12410;Chapter 6: Antifungal-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Pediatrics: A State of the Art;12610.1;6.1 Introduction;12710.2;6.2 Amphotericin B;12710.2.1;6.2.1 Preterm Babies;12810.2.2;6.2.2 Newborns and Infants;12910.3;6.3 Amphotericin B Lipid Formulations;12910.4;6.4 Other Antifungals;13010.4.1;6.4.1 Azoles;13010.4.1.1;6.4.1.1 Fluconazole;13010.4.1.2;6.4.1.2 Voriconazole;13010.4.2;6.4.2 Flucytosine;13110.4.3;6.4.3 Echinocandins;13110.4.3.1;6.4.3.1 Caspofungin;13210.4.3.2;6.4.3.2 Other Echinocandins;13310.5;6.5 Antifungal Drugs;13410.5.1;6.5.1 Comparative Data of the Literature;13410.6;6.6 Conclusions;13510.7;References;13511;Chapter 7: Antifungal Resistance: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms;14211.1;7.1 Introduction;14211.2;7.2 Resistance to Polyenes;14311.2.1;7.2.1 Polyenes for Antifungal Therapy;14311.2.2;7.2.2 Yeast Resistance to Polyenes;14411.2.3;7.2.3 Mould Resistance to Polyenes;14411.3;7.3 Resistance to Azoles;14511.3.1;7.3.1 Azole Antifungal Therapy;14511.3.2;7.3.2 Yea