This updated volume provides a practical guide to decision making within thoracic surgery. Focussed chapters contain pithy analyses and recommendations that allow useful information to be identified at a glance. All new chapters bring insight into the challenges faced operating on the lung, esophagus, diaphragm, airway, pleaura, mediastinum, and chest wall.

Difficult Decisions in Thoracic Surgery aims to help the reader navigate the complexities of thoracic surgery through clearly formatted and evidence-based chapters. The book is relevant to practicing and trainee surgeons, as well as medical professionals working within thoracic surgery.

<p>1. Introduction

2. Evidence based medicine: levels of evidence and evaluation systems
3. Decision analytic techniques and other decision processes
4. Decision making - the surgeon's perspective
5. Decision making - the patient's perspective
6. <b>EBUS vs mediastinoscopy for initial pathologic mediastinal staging in NSCLC</b>
7. Is preoperative smoking cessation for lung resection patients effective in reducing surgical morbidity
8. <b>Is low tech as good as high tech exercise testing in assessing healthy candidates for lung resection</b>
9. <b>Does assessment of frailty and sarcopenia in lung resection candidates affect oatient selection</b>
10. <b>Can frailty and sarcopenia be mitigated in lung resection candidates</b>
11. Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary for major lung resection
12. <b>Uniportal vs multiportal VATS lobectomy</b>
13. Robotic vs VATS for major lung resection
14. <b>Does intrapleural therapy for persistent postoperative air leak reduce air leak duration</b>
15. <b>Segmentectomy vs lobectomy in patients with good pulmonary function</b>
16. Is resection of persistent N2 disease after induction therapy effective
17. <b>N2 disease discovered at the time of lung resection - resect or abort?</b>
18. <b>Is lung resection safe after immunotherapy</b>
19. <b>Is an enhanced recovery programs for lobectomy patients effective in improving surgical outcomes</b>
20. Resection vs SBRT for stage I NSCLC in patients with good pulmonary function
21. Do endobronchial valves assist in resolution of postoperative persistent air leak
22. Is long-term surveillance effective after resection of stage I NSCLC
23. Does ECMO for lung failure in ICU patients improve survival
24. <b>Does resection of oligometastatic disease in lung cancer patients improve survival</b>
25. Is pulmonary metastasectomy effective in prolonging survival
26. <b>Resection vs endoscopic therapy for T1bN0 esophageal adenocarcinoma</b>
27. <b>Does induction therapy for T2N0 esophageal adenocarcinoma improve survival</b>
28. <b>Do enhanced recovery programs for esophagectomy patients improve outcomes</b>
29. <b>Does jejunostomy after esophagectomy improve outcomes</b>
30. Surgery vs definitive chemoradiotherapy for regionally advanced esophageal squamous cell cancer
31. <b>Open vs robotic resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma</b>
32. Two-field vs three-field lymphadenectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma
33. <b>Is resection of more nodes better for treating esophageal cancer</b>
34. Salvage esophagectomy for persistent disease after definitive chemoradiotherapy
35. Early postoperative feeding after esophagectomy
36. Stent vs primary repair for esophageal perforation
37. <b>Sump therapy vs stenting for esophageal anastomotic leak</b>
38. <b>Thoracoscopic vs endoscopic therapy for small submucosal esophageal tumors</b>
39. Laparoscopic vs endoscopic therapy for achalasia
40. <b>Laparoscopy or endoscopic therapy for recurrent symptoms from achalasia</b>
41. Laparoscopy or thoracotomy for symptomatic recurrent paraesophageal hernia
42. Does diaphragm pacing for bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis improve function or quality of life
43. <b>Does phrenic nerve reconstruction for unilateral diaphragm paralysis improve function or quality of life</b>
44. Is plication for diaphragmatic eventration effective in improving function
45. <b>Is temporary transvenous pacing effective in ventilator weaning</b>
46. <b>Does temporary diaphragm paralysis aid in eliminanting residual pleural space after lung resection</b>
47. Is long-term stenting for benign airway obstruction effective
48. Are engineered tissues useful for tracheal reconstruction
49. <b>Are positive margins acceptable in resection for low grade malignancies</b>
50. <b>Optimal management of posttransplant brochial stenosis - stenting or reoperation</b>
51. <b>Is tPA/Dnase therapy effective for managing pleural empyema</b>
52. VATS vs open management of pleural empyema
53. <b>Indewlling catheter vs chemical pleurodesis for symptomatic malignant pleural effusion</b>
54. <b>Extended pleurectomy sparing the diaphragm for malignant pleural mesothelioma</b>
55. Quality of life: EPD vs EPP
56. <b>Does thymectomy improve outcomes for myasthenia gravis</b>
57. <b>MRI for evaluation of suspected encapsulated thymoma</b>
58. <b>Lobectomy vs thymectomy for encapsulated thymoma</b>
59. Robotic vs VATS thymectomy for thymoma
60. <b>Resection of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas</b>
61. <b>Thymectomy in the setting of pleural metastases</b>
62. <b>Sympathectomy for malignant ventricular arrhythmias</b>
63. <b>Extent of surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis</b>
64. Synthetic vs biologic reconstruction of bony chest wall defects
65. <b>Traumatic rib fracture: conservative therapy or surgical fixation?</b>
66. Is surgical management of flail chest effective
67. <b>Epidural vs regional blocks for VATS and thoracotomy</b>
68. <b>Pectus deformities in adults - when is surgery indicated?</b>
69. <b>Pectus deformities in adults - Nuss bar vs open repair</b>.</p>