2;152640_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;12 2.1;Chapter : History of Doping and Doping Control;12 2.1.1;The Expression ``Doping´´;12 2.1.2;Early Attempts of Doping;13 2.1.3;Doping and its Emerging Prohibition;13 2.1.3.1;Stimulants;16 2.1.3.2;Anabolic Agents;16 2.1.3.3;Fatalities with Presumptive Correlation to Doping;18 2.1.4;Development of General Anti-Doping Regulations;18 2.1.5;Doping Analysis and Accreditation of Anti-Doping Laboratories;20 2.1.6;Doping and the Cold War;22 2.1.7;Developments from the 1990s Onward;23 2.1.8;Appendix 1 Historical Definitions of Doping;26 2.1.9;References;29 3;152640_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;35 4;152640_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;75 4.1;Chapter : Phase-II Metabolism of Androgens and Its Relevance for Doping Control Analysis;75 4.1.1;Phase-II Metabolism of Androgens;76 4.1.1.1;Glucuronide Conjugation;76 4.1.1.2;Sulphonation;79 4.1.1.3;Genetic Polymorphism;80 4.1.2;Relevance of Phase-II Metabolism in Doping Control Analysis;81 4.1.3;In Vitro Production of Phase-II Metabolites;81 4.1.4;References;83 5;152640_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;86 5.1;Chapter : Detecting the Administration of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic SteroidsAnabolic Androgenic SteroidsEndogenous;86 5.1.1;Introduction;87 5.1.1.1;Testosterone;87 5.1.1.2;Historical Background;88 5.1.2;General Approach to the Measurement of Urinary Steroids;89 5.1.2.1;From Immunoassays to Mass Spectrometry;89 5.1.2.2;Sample Preparation for GC/MS Analyses;90 5.1.2.3;Stability of Urinary Steroid Conjugates;90 5.1.3;Testosterone and Epitestosterone;91 5.1.3.1;Reference Ranges;91 5.1.3.2;Stability of Individual Parameters;93 5.1.4;Alteration of the Urinary Steroid Profile;93 5.1.4.1;Testosterone;93 5.1.4.2;Dihydrotestosterone, Androstenedione and Dehydroepiandrosterone;95 5.1.5;Measurement of the delta13C Values of Urinary Steroid Metabolites;97 5.1.5.1;Principle of the GC/C/IRMS Analysis;97 5.1.5.2;IRMS for Determining the Origin of Organic Compounds;98 5.1.5.3;delta13C Values of Urinary Steroid Metabolites;98 5.1.6;External Factors Influencing the GC/MS Steroid Profile;99 5.1.6.1;Anabolic Agents and Inhibitors of Reductase;99 5.1.6.2;Ethanol;100 5.1.6.3;Supplements;101 5.1.7;From Population-Based to Subject-Based Testing Approach;101 5.1.8;References;102 6;152640_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;108 6.1;Chapter : Synthetic Anabolic Agents: Steroids and Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators;108 6.1.1;Introduction;109 6.1.2;Pharmacological Aspects and Mode of Action of AAS;110 6.1.2.1;Mode of Action of AAS;111 6.1.2.2;Metabolism of AAS;111 6.1.2.2.1;Methyltestosterone and Metandienone;113 6.1.2.2.2;Stanozolol;117 6.1.2.3;Undesirable Effects of AAS;117 6.1.2.3.1;Cardiovascular Issues;117 6.1.2.3.2;Endocrine Issues;118 6.1.2.3.3;Hepatic Issues;118 6.1.2.3.4;Psychiatric Issues;118 6.1.2.3.5;Musculoskeletal Issues;119 6.1.3;Pharmacological Aspects and Mode of Action of SARMs;119 6.1.3.1;Metabolism of SARMs;120 6.1.3.2;Clinical Applications;121 6.1.3.3;Undesirable Effects of SARMs;121 6.1.4;Detection Strategies for AAS and SARMs;123 6.1.4.1;Sample Preparation and Analysis of AAS;123 6.1.4.1.1;GC-MS Analyses;124 6.1.4.1.2;LC-MS(/MS) Analyses;126 6.1.4.2;Sample Preparation and Analysis of SARMs;126 6.1.5;Conclusions;129 6.1.6;References;129 7;152640_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF;136 8;152640_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF;164 8.1;Chapter : Designer Steroids;164 8.1.1;Introduction;165 8.1.1.1;Exogenous SteroidsSteroidsExogenous;165 8.1.1.2;Endogenous SteroidsSteroidsEndogenous;166 8.1.1.3;BALCO, an Insight into Conspiracy;167 8.1.2;Anabolic Steroid Chemistry;169 8.1.3;Detection Methods;178 8.1.3.1;Use of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS);180 8.1.3.2;Use of LC-MS(/MS);183 8.1.4;The Supplement Market;187 8.1.5;Conclusion;191 8.1.6;References;192 9;152640_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF;195 9.1;Chapter : Growth Hormone;195 9.1.1;Intended Pharmacological Effect;196 9.1.1.1;Effects on Bone and GrowthHuman Growth HormoneEffects on Bone and Growth;197 9.1.1.2;Effects on Substrate Met