1;Preface;6 2;Contents;9 3;Contributors;21 4;Part A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution;27 4.1;1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae;28 4.1.1;References;32 4.2;2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae;33 4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;33 4.2.2;2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates);34 4.2.3;2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae);38 4.2.4;2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms);41 4.2.5;2.5 Concluding Remarks;41 4.2.6;References;42 4.3;3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae;46 4.3.1;3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts;46 4.3.2;3.2 Biogeographical Distribution;48 4.3.3;3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species;49 4.3.4;References;55 4.4;4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology of Harmful Microalgae;59 4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;59 4.4.2;4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development and Life Cycles;61 4.4.3;4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors Affecting Transition;66 4.4.4;4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed;67 4.4.5;References;69 5;Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups;72 5.1;5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates;73 5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;73 5.1.2;5.2 General Ecology;74 5.1.3;5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks;79 5.1.4;5.4 Human Influences;80 5.1.5;5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding;81 5.1.6;References;84 5.2;6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae;87 5.2.1;6.1 Introduction;87 5.2.2;6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta);87 5.2.3;6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta);92 5.2.4;References;97 5.3;7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms;100 5.3.1;7.1 Introduction;100 5.3.2;7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia;101 5.3.3;7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web;102 5.3.4;7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.;103 5.3.5;7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia;105 5.3.6;7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research;106 5.3.7;References;107 5.4;8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria;113 5.4.1;8.1 Introduction;113 5.4.2;8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs;115 5.4.3;8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms;122 5.4.4;8.4 CyanoHAB Management;124 5.4.5;References;125 5.5;9 Brown Tides;128 5.5.1;9.1 Background;128 5.5.2;9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors;130 5.5.3;9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality;134 5.5.4;References;137 6;Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae;141 6.1;10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes;142 6.1.1;10.1 Introduction;142 6.1.2;10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection;143 6.1.3;10.3 Life-Forms;144 6.1.4;10.4 Algal Communities;145 6.1.5;10.5 Retention and Transport;146 6.1.6;References;151 6.2;11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population Growth Rates;154 6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;154 6.2.2;11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate Measurements;155 6.2.3;11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups;158 6.2.4;11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or K-Strategists?;162 6.2.5;11.5 Conclusions;164 6.2.6;References;164 6.3;12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death;168 6.3.1;12.1 Introduction;168 6.3.2;12.2 Mortality of HABs;171 6.3.3;12.3 Death Due to HABs;172 6.3.4;12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality;173 6.3.5;12.5 Ecological Implications;174 6.3.6;References;175 6.4;13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae: Focus on Osmotrophy;178 6.4.1;13.1 Introduction and Terminology;178 6.4.2;13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them;179 6.4.3;13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy;182 6.4.4;13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy;183 6.4.5;13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy;185 6.4.6;13.6 Conclusions;186 6.4.7;References;186 6.5;14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae;191 6.5.1;14.1 Introduction;191 6.5.2;14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages;194 6.5.3;14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity;196 6.5.4;14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy;198 6.5.5;References;199 6.6;15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae: A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?;202 6.6.1;15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelop