More than 25 years ago, when ultrasound diagnostic methods were first intro duced into gynecology and obstetrics, few of the pioneers of these techniques sus pected what importance sonographic diagnosis was destined to assume. It was soon recognized that the organs of the lesser pelvis could be visualized to much greater advantage by inserting probes into the natural bodily orifices than by abdominal sonography. Full exploitation of the physical properties of ultra sound had to wait, as so often in the history of sonography, for technological ad vances. Endosonography in the form available to us today combines the advantages of endoscopy and sonography. The next light-reflecting surface, once the limit of en doscopy, represents no barrier to ultrasound. A whole range of both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be sonographically guided. Blood flow in vessels lying deep in the lesser pelvis can now be measured by means of vaginal duplex sonography.

History of Endosonography

References
Safety Aspects of Endosonography
1 Biologic Effects of Ultrasound
2 Sterilization of Vaginal Probes
References
Advantages and Disadvantages of Endosonography
1 Advantages
2 Disadvantages
Scanner Types
1 Linear-Array Scanners
2 Curved-Array Scanners
3 Sector Scanners
Scan Planes
1 Definition of Scan Directions
2 Definition of Scan Planes
Orientation of Scan Planes
Reference
Endosonographic Procedures
1 Vaginosonography
2 Hysterosonography
3 Rectosonography
4 Cystosonography
References
Normal Early Pregnancy
1 Chorionic Cavity
2 Yolk Sac
3 Embryo
4 Cardiac Activity
5 Amniotic Cavity
6 Other Biometrie Data in the First Trimester
7 Multiple Pregnancy
8 Summary
References
Disorders of Early Pregnancy
1 General
2 Threatened Abortion
3 Blighted Ovum
4 Missed Abortion
5 Incomplete Abortion
6 Hydatidiform Mole
7 Ectopic Pregnancy
References
Vaginosonographic Examination of the Fetus
1 General
2 Indications
References
Evaluation of the Cervix
1 General
2 Vaginosonography
References
Placenta Previa
1 General
2 Vaginosonography
3 Summary
References
Vaginosonographic Pelvimetry
1 General
2 Technique and Preliminary Results
3 Summary
References
Endosonography of the Uterus
1 Normal Anatomy
2 Congenital Anomalies
3 Diagnosis of Myomas
References
Endosonography of the Ovaries
1 The Normal Ovary
2 Ovarian Cysts
3 Inflammatory Adnexal Changes
References
Postoperative Endosonography
References
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
1 General
2 Vaginosonography
References
Endosonographic Diagnosis of Carcinoma
1 Cervical Carcinoma
2 Corpus Carcinoma
3 Ovarian Carcinoma
4 Vaginal Carcinoma
5 Diagnosis of Recurrent Carcinoma
Diagnostic Evaluation of Urinary Incontinence
1 General
2 Vaginosonography and Rectosonography
3 Perineal and Introital Sonography
References
Infertility
1 General
2 Evaluation of the Menstrual Cycle
3 Endocrine Disorders
4 In Vitro Fertilization
5 Summary
References
Endosonographically Guided Punctures
1 General
2 Technical Aspects
3 Indications
References
Vaginal Doppler Techniques
1 Basic Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
2 Vaginal Probes
3 Vaginal Pulsed Doppler Techniques
4 Clinical Applications
5 Clinical Significance of Vaginal Pulsed Doppler Blood Flow Studies
References
Subject Index 183.