This contributed volume explores and reveals the dynamics, strengths and weaknesses, trends and implications of entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Presenting papers by respected experts in the field, it shares essential insights on the status quo of entrepreneurship and the opportunities and threats it faces in the MENA region. Topics range from development of entrepreneurial universities to international entrepreneurship, as well as emergent topics such as green entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship and youth entrepreneurship.

1.Introduction

Part I. Institutional Environment and Entrepreneurs' Motivations in MENA
2. In search of the ideal entrepreneurial ecosystem
3.Institutions and Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries
4. Entrepreneurial National Efficiency Based on GEM Data: Benchmarks for the MENA Countries
5. Increasing entrepreneurial impact in the MENA region
6. An Exploration into how Terrorism impacts Business Environment in MENA Region
7. Social Entrepreneurship Strategies by the Middle Eastern Governments: A Review
8. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Performance in Ira
9. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in Arabic countries: a recent overview
Part II
Gender and Entrepreneurship in MENA
10. Gender and Entrepreneurship: Recent developments in MENA (Middle East and North Africa)
11. Explaining the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Propensity
12. Insights from female entrepreneurs in MENA countries: barriers and success factors
13. The impact of age and entrepreneurial age-based self-image on entrepreneurial competencies of male and female; evidence of GEM-Iran 2016 data
14. The role of culture and gender in e-commerce entrepreneurship: Three Jordan case studies
15. Regional Disparities in Entrepreneurship in Turkey with Respect to Gender Using a Regression of Pooling Cross Sections: 2006-2015
16. A Study on Micro Women Entrepreneurs in U.A.E
Part III. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in MENA
17. The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: A Panel Approach in MENA Countries
18. The Innovation-based Competitive Advantage in Oman's Transition to Knowledge-Based Economy: Dynamics of Innovation for Promotion of Entrepreneurship
19. Dynamics of Entrepreneurship in Egypt: Assessing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Can Entrepreneurship Contribute to the Economic Development in Egypt?
 20. Lessons from Abu Dhabi: The Road towards an Innovative Entrepreneurial Economy
Part IV
SMEs in MENA
21. Effectuation, Causation and the revised Uppsala Model: A Behavioral analysis of Iranian SMEs' internationalization
22.Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owners: A comparative exploratory analysis between Iran and Italy
23. Management of Innovation in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).Part V.  A comparative Study on the State of Women Entrepreneurship in the ECO Region: Women Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivations in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey
24.Business Environment in the Three Countries
25. Women Entrepreneurship in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, Based on GEM Data
26. Do Financial, Human, Social and Cultural Capital Matter?
27. Female Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, and Trade Liberalization in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey
28. Conclusion and Recommendations.