This monograph deals primarily with the kidneys, ureters, and urinary blad der. The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures that parallel the psoas muscle. The left kidney is usually slightly higher than the right and is slightly more medially located. The vertical axis of the kidneys, when compared with the midline, is about 20°. There is often considerable mobility of the kidneys as a result of respiration and body position. Several centimeters of excursion have been demonstrated on deep inspiration or in the upright position. During late embryological development, each kidney occupies the flank region, capped by the liver on the right side and the spleen on the left. Abnor malities of the liver and spleen can affect the position of the kidneys. Also, retroperitoneal masses may displace the kidney. A palpable abdominal mass which radiographically may appear to be an intraperitoneal structure can be accurately localized as a retroperitoneal tumor by observing displacement of the kidney, particularly if the kidney is pushed caudally and medially, superi orly and laterally, or medially. Anomalies of the kidneys include abnormal position, abnormal number, changes in shape, and alterations in the inner structure that may affect the renal parenchyma, the pelvocalyceal systems, or both.

Radiological Techniques

Format of This Book
Renal Parenchymal Hypertrophy Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Medication Simulating Urinary Stones
Metallic Clips Simulating Urinary Stones
Sacral Cornua Simulating Urinary Stones
Amniogram Simulating a Cystogram
Bladder Calculus Simulating a Cystogram
Ovarian Dermoid Simulating Staghorn Calculus
Inverted Spleen Simulating Suprarenal Neoplasm
Bowel Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Absence of Renal Hilar Fat Simulating Renal Pelvic Lesion
Arteriovenous Fistula Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Posttraumatic Changes Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Antopol-Goldman Lesion Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Hemorrhagic Infarct Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Renal Pseudo-pseudotumor (True Neoplasm)
Multilocular Cystic Nephroma Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Simulating Renal Neoplasm
Angiomyolipoma/Tuberous Sclerosis Simulating Other Lesions
Adrenal Carcinoma Simulating Enlarged Hepatic Lobe
Ovarian Dermoid Simulating Intestinal Gas
Errors Due to Poor Technique and Management
Appendix: Tables 1-3.