1;Contents;6 2;Preface;18 3;Author index;22 4;1 The foundations and application of medical ethics;26 4.1;1.1 Introduction;26 4.2;1.2 Historical background;26 4.3;1.3 General ethical theories and principles;27 4.4;1.4 Modern medical ethics;33 4.5;1.5 Conclusion;38 5;2 Legislation for assisted reproductive technologies;40 5.1;2.1 Introduction;40 5.2;2.2 Legislation and regulations;41 5.3;2.3 Legislative motivations;43 5.4;2.4 Evidence-based legal policy;45 5.5;2.5 The focus of legislation;47 5.6;2.6 Human rights;50 6;3 Reproductive rights as an integral part of women's rights;54 6.1;3.1 Introduction;54 6.2;3.2 Granting women equal rights: the origin of discrimination;55 6.2.1;3.2.1 Cornerstones of women's rights;57 6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Dignity, body integrity, and freedom from violence;57 6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Equality and empowerment;59 6.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Full, unconditional access to health care services;60 6.2.2;3.2.2 A right to treat infertility;61 7;4 Right to reproduce;68 7.1;4.1 Socioeconomic issues;68 7.2;4.2 Religious issues;70 7.3;4.3 Legal and historical aspects;70 7.4;4.4 Moral aspects;73 7.5;4.5 ART-related aspects;74 8;5 Informed consent for treatment of fertility;78 8.1;5.1 Introduction;78 8.2;5.2 The right to experience parenthood and its standing;79 8.3;5.3 The informed-consent doctrine;80 8.3.1;5.3.1 The doctrine and its nature;80 8.3.2;5.3.2 Application of the doctrine to fertility treatments;80 8.4;5.4 Mutual consent of spouses;81 8.4.1;5.4.1 Joint process;81 8.4.2;5.4.2 The good of the child and consideration of parental capability;82 8.5;5.5 Validity of the consent;83 8.5.1;5.5.1 Effect of the initial consent;83 8.5.2;5.5.2 Withdrawal of patient consent;84 8.5.3;5.5.3 Physician's withdrawal of consent;84 8.5.4;5.5.4 Consent after death;85 8.6;5.5 Conclusion;85 9;6 Specific ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in eastern European countries;88 9.1;6.1 Introduction;88 9.2;6.2 Situation in eastern European countries;88 9.2.1;6.2.1 Number of centers;88 9.2.2;6.2.2 Legal regulation of ART;89 9.2.3;6.2.3 Coverage or reimbursement of ART;90 9.2.4;6.2.4 Marital status in ART;91 9.2.5;6.2.5 The number of transferred embryos in ART;92 9.2.6;6.2.6 Cryopreservation;93 9.2.7;6.2.7 Posthumous ART;95 9.2.8;6.2.8 Gamete donation;96 9.2.9;6.2.9 Anonymity;97 9.2.10;6.2.10 Micromanipulation;98 9.2.11;6.2.11 In vitro maturation of oocytes;99 9.2.12;6.2.12 Welfare of the child;100 9.2.13;6.2.13 Multifetal-pregnancy reduction;101 9.2.14;6.2.14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis;102 9.2.15;6.2.15 Surrogacy;103 9.2.16;6.2.16 Research on the embryo;104 9.2.17;6.2.18 Gamete intrafallopian transfer;106 9.2.18;6.2.19 The moral status of the embryo;106 9.3;6.3 Conclusions;107 10;7 Sperm donation and sperm-bank management;112 10.1;7.1 Introduction;112 10.2;7.2 Limiting the number of donor offspring;113 10.2.1;7.2.1 United States;113 10.2.2;7.2.2 United Kingdom;113 10.3;7.3 Minimizing the risk of infection and genetic complications from sperm donors;114 10.4;7.4 Age requirements for sperm donors;114 10.5;7.5 Anonymity versus nonanonymity of sperm donors;115 10.5.1;7.5.1 Anonymous sperm donation;115 10.5.2;7.5.2 Nonanonymous sperm donation;116 10.6;7.6 Sperm-donor compensation;117 10.7;7.7 Informed consent and counseling;118 10.8;7.8 Conclusions;118 11;8 Oocyte donation: medical and legal perspectives;120 11.1;8.1 Introduction: Indications for egg donation;120 11.2;8.2 Preparation of donor and recipient;121 11.3;8.3 Outcome determining factors;123 11.4;8.4 Obstetric and perinatal outcomes;123 11.5;8.5 Ethical aspects;124 11.6;8.6 Legislation;126 11.6.1;8.6.1 The new Israeli legislation;129 11.7;8.7 Summary;132 12;9 Egg donation: ethical considerations and regulatory context;136 12.1;9.1 Introduction;136 12.2;9.2 The regulatory context;136 12.3;9.3 Donating eggs;137 12.3.1;9.3.1 Informed consent;137 12.3.2;9.3.2 Meeting demand: remuneration and other programs;138 12.3.2.1;9.3.2.1 Financial compensation;138 12.3.2.2;9.3.2.2 Egg-sharing programs;139 12