1;Contents;5 2;Prologue;7 3;Introduction, Background and Aim;9 4;Basic Information on the Baltic Sea;30 4.1;2.1 Introduction and Aim;30 4.2;2.2 Previous System-Wide Studies in the Baltic Sea;32 4.3;2.3 Databases and Methods;34 4.4;2.4 Size and Form Characteristics of the Sub-basins;47 4.5;2.5 Sediments and Bottom Dynamic Conditions;54 4.6;2.6 The Role of Land Uplift;59 4.7;2.7 Nutrient Concentrations, Temperatures and Salinities - Data, Trends and Co- variations;61 4.8;2.8 Putting the Data from the Baltic Sea into a Wider Context;69 4.9;2.9 Conclusions;72 5;Water Exchange and Water Transport in the Baltic Sea;75 5.1;3.1 Introduction and Aim;75 5.2;3.2 Modeling ofWater Fluxes Using the CoatMab-Model;78 5.3;3.3 Model Tests - Empirical Data Versus Model Values;82 5.4;3.4 Fluxes ofWater and Salt;86 5.5;3.5 Water Retention Rates;90 5.6;3.6 Water Velocities in the Limiting Section Areas;91 5.7;3.7 Conclusions and Comments;94 6;Empirical Data and Models on Nutrients and Bioindicators in the Baltic Sea;96 6.1;4.1 The Nitrogen/Phosphorus Dilemma;96 6.2;4.2 Simple Overall Nutrient Budgets;102 6.3;4.3 Empirically Based Models for Operational Bioindicators;107 6.4;4.4 Conclusions;130 7;Nutrient Dynamics in the Baltic Sea;132 7.1;5.1 Introduction and Aim;132 7.2;5.2 Basic Model Structure and Data Needed to Run the Model;133 7.3;5.3 The CoastMab-Model for Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea;136 7.4;5.4 Outflow;155 7.5;5.5 Model Tests;156 7.6;5.6 Empirical Data Versus Modeled Data;158 7.7;5.7 Tests to Falsify the Model Structure;163 7.8;5.8 Retention Times, Fluxes and Amounts;168 7.9;5.9 Predicting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations;175 7.10;5.10 Predicting Water Clarity and Secchi Depth;177 7.11;5.11 Predicting Nitrogen Concentrations;183 7.12;5.12 Predicting Cyanobacteria;184 7.13;5.13 Predicting Sedimentation and Settling Velocities;184 7.14;5.14 The Vicious Circle Theory and the Actual Circle;188 7.15;5.15 Conclusions and Comments;191 8;Strategies for Remediation;193 8.1;6.1 Introduction and Aim;193 8.2;6.2 Remedial Scenarios and Suggested Remedial Strategy for Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea;194 8.3;6.3 Comments;205 9;Epilogue;207 10;References;212 11;Appendix;222 11.1;A.1 A Compilation of All Equations and Model Variables in the Mass- Balance Model for Salt ( CoastMab) for the Sub- basins of the Baltic Sea;222 11.2;A.2 Compilation of All Equations and Model Variables in the Mass- Balance Model for Phosphorus ( CoastMab) for the Baltic Proper ( BP);233 11.3;A.3 Water Discharge Predicted from Map Parameters;244 12;Index;257