1;List of Contents;62;Abstract;93;1 Introduction;104;2 Morphological Development of the Mammalian Kidney;104.1;2.1 Pronephros;124.2;2.2 Mesonephros;124.3;2.3 Metanephros;144.4;2.4 Renal Vascular Development;164.5;2.5 Development of the Renal Nerves;185;3 Genetic Regulation of Metanephric Development;185.1;3.1 Molecular Specification of the Metanephric Blastema;195.2;3.2 Molecular Regulation of Ureteric Budding and Branching Morphogenesis;195.3;3.3 Molecular Regulation of Nephrogenesis;215.4;3.4 Molecular Regulation of the Stroma;235.5;3.5 The Renin-Angiotensin System: An Important System Regulating Renal Development and Function;235.6;3.6 Summary of Molecular Regulation of Metanephric Development;246;4 Abnormalities of Renal Development in the Human;256.1;4.1 Hydronephrosis;256.2;4.2 Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract;256.3;4.3 Bilateral Renal Agenesis (Potter's Syndrome);266.4;4.4 Renal Abnormalities Caused by Maternal Drug Use;266.5;4.5 Polycystic Kidney Disease;267;5 Methodology to Examine Kidney Development;277.1;5.1 Organ Culture;277.2;5.2 Three-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Imaging;297.3;5.3 Quantitation of Nephron Number;307.4;5.4 Microarrays;337.5;5.5 Use of Knock-in/Reporter Mice to Analyse Gene Function and Expression;348;6 Development of Function in the Fetus;368.1;6.1 Mesonephric Function;368.2;6.2 Fetal Metanephric Renal Function;368.3;6.3 Sodium Transporters;378.4;6.4 Water Channels;418.5;6.5 Renal Renin-Angiotensin System;419;7 Nephron Endowment;419.1;7.1 Nephron Endowment in the Human;419.2;7.2 Effect of Prematurity;449.3;7.3 Factors Important for Normal Kidney Development;459.4;7.3.2 Iron;459.5;7.4 Timing of Nephrogenesis and Nephron Endowment in Animal Models;4610;8 Developmental Programming of the Kidney;4810.1;8.1 Overview: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis;4810.2;8.2 Human Epidemiology;4910.3;8.3 Common Animal Models Used to Test the DOHaD Hypothesis;5010.4;8.4 Reduced Nephron Endowment: A Common Denominator in the DOHaD Hypothesis?;5210.5;8.5 Link Between Nephron Endowment and Hypertension;5510.6;8.6 Mechanisms Leading to a Reduced Nephron Endowment;5610.7;8.7 Programmed Changes in Renal Gene Expression;5710.8;8.7.2 Sodium Channels;5710.9;8.8 Why a Low Nephron Endowment Does Not Always Lead to Hypertension;5810.10;8.9 Unilateral Nephrectomy as a Model of Low Nephron Endowment;6210.11;8.10 Potential Underlying Mechanisms of Developmental Programming;6211;9 Future Directions;6311.1;9.1 Clock Genes;6411.2;9.2 Renal Stem Cells and Renal Regeneration;6511.3;9.3 New Renal Factors;6512;References;6713;Subject Index;88