1;Preface;5 2;Foreword;7 3;Table of Contents;9 4;The physical and chemical fundamentals of fluorescence angiography;11 4.1;Fluorescence;12 4.2;Fluorescein;12 4.3;Indocyanine Green;13 5;The Technical Fundamentals of Fluorescence Angiography;15 5.1;The basic design of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope;16 5.2;Light Sources;17 5.3;Lasers for Fluorescein Angiography;17 5.4;Lasers for red- free fundus imaging;18 5.5;Lasers for Indocyanine green ( ICG) angiography;19 5.6;Lasers for reflective infrared imaging;19 5.7;The Fundamentals of Optical Imaging The confocal principle;19 5.8;Resolution in depth;20 5.9;Resolution in breadth;20 5.10;The Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2;20 5.11;HRA2- Parameters for basic imaging modes;21 5.12;Simultaneous mode;21 5.13;Composite mode;22 5.14;Fixation assistance;22 5.15;Wide angle objective;22 5.16;ART module;22 5.17;Examination of the anterior segment;22 5.18;Stereoscopic imaging;22 5.19;Components of the analytical software;23 6;Normal Fluorescence Angiography and General Pathological Fluorescence Phenomena;25 6.1;Normal Fluorescence Angiography and general pathological fluorescence phenomena;26 6.2;Choroid;26 6.3;Cilioretinal vessels;26 6.4;Optic disc;26 6.5;Retinal vessels;26 6.6;Macula;26 6.7;Sclera;27 6.8;Iris;27 6.9;Normal ICG- Angiography;27 6.10;Pathological fluorescence phenomena;27 6.11;Hyperfluorescence;27 6.12;Hypofluorescence;28 7;Fundus Autofluorescence;41 7.1;Introduction;42 7.2;Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and modified fundus photography;42 7.3;Methods Fundamentals;42 7.4;The operational sequence of a fundus examination with the cSLO;42 7.5;Lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium;43 7.6;Normal fundus autofluorescence;43 7.7;Fundus autofluorescence - typical findings;43 7.8;Lipofuscin Melanin;45 8;Macular Disorders;65 8.1;Age- Related Macular Degeneration ( AMD);66 8.2;Drusen;66 8.3;Irregular Pigmentation of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE);72 8.4;Geographic atrophy of the RPE;72 8.5;Choroidal Neovascularization ( CNV);74 8.6;Classic Choroidal Neovascularization;74 8.7;Occult Choroidal Neovascularization;79 8.8;Mixed Forms;84 8.9;Localization of Choroidal Neovascularization;84 8.10;Serous Detachment of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium;86 8.11;Breaks in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE);92 8.12;Idiopathic Polypoid Choroidal Vasculopathy;94 8.13;Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation ( RAP);96 8.14;Disciform Scarring;98 8.15;Fluorescein Angiographic Phenomena Following Therapy;100 8.16;Laser Coagulation;100 8.17;Photodynamic Therapy ( PDT);100 8.18;Anti VEGF Therapy;100 8.19;Cystoid Macular Edema;112 8.20;Hereditary Macular Disorders Stargardt's Disease;114 8.21;Fundus Flavimaculatus;114 8.22;Best's Disease ( Vitelliform Macular dystrophy);116 8.23;Pattern Dystrophies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE);118 8.24;Congenital X- Chromosome Retinoschisis;120 8.25;Adult Vitelliform Macular Degeneration ( AVMD);122 8.26;The Macular Degeneration of Myopia;124 8.27;Angioid Streaks;126 8.28;Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ( CSC);128 8.29;Chronic Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ( CICSC);130 8.30;Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Teleangiectasias;132 8.31;Epiretinal Gliosis;134 8.32;Macular Holes;136 8.33;Chloroquine Maculopathy;138 9;Retinal Vascular Disease;141 9.1;Diabetic Retinopathy Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy;142 9.2;Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy;144 9.3;Hypertensive Retinopathy;146 9.4;Retinal Arterial Occlusions Occlusion of the Central Retinal Artery;148 9.5;Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion;148 9.6;Retinal Vein Occlusions;150 9.7;Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ( CRVO);150 9.8;Tributary Retinal Vein Occlusion;154 9.9;Retinal Macroaneurysms;156 9.10;Coats' Disease;158 9.11;Retinal Capillary Hemangioma;160 9.12;Cavernous Hemangioma of the Retina;162 9.13;Vascular Tortuosity;164 10;Inflammatory Retinal/Choroidal Disease;167 10.1;Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis;168 10.2;Multifocal Choroiditis;170 10.3;Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy ( APMPPE);1