1;Preface of the Editor;6 1.1;References;7 2;Contents;8 3;Chapter 1: Importance of Modified Electrodes in Amperometric Sensing;11 3.1;1.1 From a Look at the Historical Background to Considerations for Effective Perspectives;13 3.2;1.2 Advantages Sought with Respect to Bare Electrodes;18 3.3;1.3 General Overview of the Modifying Materials;24 3.4;1.4 Amperometric Sensing for Specific and Aspecific Analyses;29 3.5;References;30 4;Chapter 2: Intrinsically Conducting Polymers;32 4.1;2.1 Synthesis and Deposition of ICPs onto Electrode Surfaces;34 4.2;2.2 Polymer Doping and De-Doping;37 4.3;2.3 Principal ICPs Derivatives Used in Electroanalysis;41 4.3.1;2.3.1 Polypyrrole;41 4.3.2;2.3.2 Polyaniline;42 4.3.3;2.3.3 Polythiophene;43 4.3.4;2.3.4 Polyphenazines, Polyphenothiazines, and Polyphenoxazines;44 4.4;2.4 Applications of ICPs in Electroanalysis;44 4.4.1;2.4.1 Direct Detection of Organic Species;44 4.4.2;2.4.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers;49 4.4.3;2.4.3 Detection of Metal Ions;50 4.4.4;2.4.4 Electronic Tongues;54 4.4.5;2.4.5 Enzymatic Biosensors;55 4.4.6;2.4.6 Genosensors;60 4.5;References;61 5;Chapter 3: Redox Polymers and Metallopolymers;67 5.1;3.1 Main Characteristics of Redox Polymers;67 5.2;3.2 Preparation of Electrode Modified by RPs;70 5.3;3.3 Why Modifications with RPs?;71 5.4;3.4 RPs in Applications or Suitable for Applications: Much to Do in Electroanalysis;72 5.5;3.5 Different Species for Different Roles: RP-Based Composites;74 5.6;3.6 Prussian Blue and Analogous Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrates;75 5.7;3.7 From Pure Redox to Redox-Electronic Conduction in the Same Molecule: The Metallopolymers;79 5.8;3.8 Representative Metallopolymers;88 5.8.1;3.8.1 Metallocenes;90 5.8.2;3.8.2 Bipyridine and Terpyridine Ligands;92 5.8.3;3.8.3 Phenanthroline Ligand;95 5.8.4;3.8.4 Schiff Base Ligands;96 5.8.5;3.8.5 Porphyrin Rings;98 5.8.6;3.8.6 Phthalocyanine Ring;100 5.8.7;3.8.7 Cyclam Cycle;100 5.8.8;3.8.8 Sulphur-Based Ligands;101 5.8.9;3.8.9 Phosphine Ligands;101 5.9;References;102 6;Chapter 4: Ion Exchange Polymers;106 6.1;4.1 Polymers for Ion Exchange Voltammetry;106 6.2;4.2 Polymers for Inclusion of Redox Mediators;108 6.3;4.3 Polymers for Gas Sensors;109 6.4;4.4 Other Applications of Ion-Exchange Polymers;110 6.5;References;111 7;Chapter 5: Monolayers;112 7.1;5.1 Anchoring Monolayers to Substrate;113 7.2;5.2 Common Substrates for Preparation of Monolayers;117 7.2.1;5.2.1 Substrate Preparation;119 7.2.2;5.2.2 Arrangement of the Head Groups on the Substrate Surface;119 7.2.3;5.2.3 Adsorption Sites for the Head Groups;120 7.3;5.3 Spacers;123 7.4;5.4 Stability of the Monolayers;124 7.5;5.5 Reactivity of the Monolayers;125 7.6;5.6 Mixed Monolayers;127 7.7;5.7 Monolayers Based on Oligomers and Polymers;128 7.8;5.8 Electrochemistry of Monolayers;130 7.9;5.9 Analytical Applications;134 7.10;References;141 8;Chapter 6: Nanosized Materials;145 8.1;6.1 Classification of Nanosized Materials;146 8.2;6.2 Synthesis Techniques;148 8.3;6.3 Stability in Solution;151 8.4;6.4 Synthesis of Nanostructures within Templates;153 8.5;6.5 Synthesis of Polymeric Nanostructures;157 8.6;6.6 Synthesis of Metal Nano-Objects through Chemical Reduction of Metal Salts;160 8.6.1;6.6.1 Brust´s Method;160 8.6.2;6.6.2 Turkevich´s Method;162 8.7;6.7 Reactivity of the Encapsulating Agent;163 8.8;6.8 Multicomponent Materials;164 8.9;6.9 Grafting Nanosized Materials onto a Substrate;166 8.9.1;6.9.1 Grafting of Pre-formed Nano-Objects through Monolayers;169 8.9.2;6.9.2 Grafting Pre-formed Nano-Objects in the Form of Hybrid Material;170 8.9.3;6.9.3 Simultaneous Synthesis and Deposition of Nano-Objects;170 8.10;6.10 Electroanalytical Applications;173 8.10.1;6.10.1 Nanosized Materials in Electrocatalytic Reactions;173 8.10.2;6.10.2 Nanosized Materials in Stripping Voltammetric Techniques;175 8.10.3;6.10.3 Nanosized Materials in Bio-Catalytic Sensors;177 8.10.4;6.10.4 Nanosized Materials in Affinity Biosensors;178 8.11;6.11 Final Remarks;180 8.12;References;181 9;Chapter 7: