1;Generic and Specific Roles of Saccharides at Cell and Bacteria Surfaces;3 1.1;Supervisor's Foreword;8 1.2;Acknowledgments;10 1.3;Contents;11 1.4;1 Introduction;14 1.4.1;References;18 1.5;2 Theoretical Background;21 1.5.1;2.1...Lipid Membranes;21 1.5.1.1;2.1.1 Physics of Lipids and Lipid Membranes;21 1.5.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Membrane Formation by Lipid Self-Assembling;21 1.5.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Phase Behavior of Lipid Membranes;23 1.5.1.2;2.1.2 Inter-Membrane Interactions;24 1.5.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Hardcore Repulsion;25 1.5.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Van der Waals Interaction;25 1.5.1.2.3;2.1.2.3 Hydration Repulsion;26 1.5.1.2.4;2.1.2.4 Undulation Repulsion;26 1.5.1.2.5;2.1.2.5 Electrostatic Interaction;27 1.5.1.2.6;2.1.2.6 The Disjoining Pressure;27 1.5.1.2.7;2.1.2.7 Force--Distance Relationships;28 1.5.1.3;2.1.3 Mechanics of Solid-Supported Membrane Multilayers;28 1.5.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 The Discrete Smectic Hamiltonian;28 1.5.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Height--Height Correlation Functions;30 1.5.1.3.3;2.1.3.3 Membrane Displacement Correlation Functions;31 1.5.1.4;2.1.4 Membrane Models;31 1.5.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Langmuir Lipid Monolayers;31 1.5.1.4.2;2.1.4.2 Solid-Supported Lipid Monolayers;33 1.5.1.4.3;2.1.4.3 Solid-Supported Lipid Bilayers;33 1.5.1.4.4;2.1.4.4 Solid-Supported Membrane Multilayers;34 1.5.2;2.2...Principles of X-Ray and Neutron Scattering;35 1.5.2.1;2.2.1 Basic Principles;35 1.5.2.1.1;2.2.1.1 X-Ray versus Neutrons;36 1.5.2.1.2;2.2.1.2 Scattering from Oriented Planar Samples;36 1.5.2.2;2.2.2 Specular Scattering;38 1.5.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Specular Reflectivity from a Single Ideal Interface;38 1.5.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Interfacial Roughness;40 1.5.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Stratified Interfaces;41 1.5.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 Periodic Multilayers;42 1.5.2.3;2.2.3 Off-Specular (Diffuse) Scattering;42 1.5.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Scattering from a Single, Topologically Rough Interface;43 1.5.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Scattering from Stratified Interfaces with Correlated Topological Roughness;46 1.5.3;References;48 1.6;3 Materials and Methods;51 1.6.1;3.1...Materials;51 1.6.1.1;3.1.1 DPPC and Synthetic Glycolipids;51 1.6.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 DPPC;51 1.6.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Gentiobiose lipid and Lac1 lipid;51 1.6.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 LeX lipid;52 1.6.1.2;3.1.2 Lipopolysaccharides;53 1.6.1.3;3.1.3 Chemicals and Buffers;54 1.6.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 Calcium-Free Buffers;55 1.6.1.3.2;3.1.3.2 Calcium-Loaded Buffers;55 1.6.2;3.2...Preparation Methods;55 1.6.2.1;3.2.1 Preparation of Solutions/Suspensions;55 1.6.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 DPPC and Synthetic Glycolipids;55 1.6.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Lipid A and Rough Mutant LPS;55 1.6.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 PAOLPS;56 1.6.2.2;3.2.2 Preparation of Solid-Supported Membrane Multilayers;56 1.6.2.3;3.2.3 Preparation of Rough Mutant LPS Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface;57 1.6.2.4;3.2.4 Preparation of Solid-Supported PAOLPS Monolayers;57 1.6.3;3.3...Scattering Techniques;58 1.6.3.1;3.3.1 X-Ray Scattering;58 1.6.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Specular X-Ray Reflectivity Experiments;58 1.6.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 GIXOS Experiments at the Air/Water Interface;58 1.6.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Experiments;59 1.6.3.2;3.3.2 Neutron Scattering;60 1.6.3.3;3.3.3 Sample Environments;62 1.6.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Humidity Chamber for Neutron Scattering under Vapor Conditions;62 1.6.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Liquid Cell for Neutron Scattering under Bulk Water Conditions;63 1.6.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Liquid Cell for High-Energy X-Ray Reflectivity Measurements;64 1.6.4;References;64 1.7;4 Theoretical Modeling;67 1.7.1;4.1...Determination of Mechanical Properties of Interacting Membranes;67 1.7.1.1;4.1.1 Membrane Displacement Correlation Functions;67 1.7.1.2;4.1.2 Calculation of Specular and Off-Specular Scattering Signals;69 1.7.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Beyond the Kinematic Approximation;74 1.7.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Multiple Scattering;74 1.7.1.3;4.1.3 Summary of Sect. 4.1;76 1.7.2;4.2...Electrostatic Interactions between Charged Lipid Membranes;76 1.7.2.1;4.2.1 A Single Charged Surface in an Electrolyte;77 1.7.2.2;4.2.2 Two Charged Surfaces in an Electrolyte;78 1.7.2.3;4.2.3 The Weak-Overlap Approximation;80 1.7.2.4;4.2.4 Summary