Glass Chemistry is concerned with the relation of chemical composition, structure and properties of various glasses. The book has been translated from the third German edition, which serves as a textbook for university students in materials sciences and a reference book for scientists and engineers in glass science and production. The central themes of the book are the chemistry and physics of glass. Detailed knowledge of the compositional and structural facts is the basis for the systematic development of new glasses as construction and optical materials.
Glass Chemistry is an interdisciplinary book on the borderlines between chemistry, physics, mineralogy and even biology and medicine. The book represents a well balanced treatment for students, scientists and engineers.

1 Historical Development of Glass Chemistry

1.1 The Beginnings of Glass Research
1.2 History of the Chemistry of Optical Glass
1.2.1 Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott
1.2.2 Carl Zeiss and the Zeiss Foundation
1.2.3 The Development of New Optical Glasses after 1939
1.3 History of Technical Glass
2 Freezing of a Melt to a Vitreous Solid
2.1 Fusion and Crystallization. General
2.2 Significant Differences Between Crystalline and Non-crystalline (Glassy) Solids
2.3 Standard Viscosity Temperatures for Solidification of Glasses
2.4 Annealing of Optical Glass
3 Structural Elements of Silicates
3.1 The SiO4 Tetrahedron as the Basic Building Block of Silicates
3.2 Building Units of Natural Crystalline Silicates
4 Classical Theories of Glass Structure
4.1 Glass Structure According to Tammann (since 1903)
4.2 Glass Formation According to Goldschmidt
4.3 The Zachariasen-Warren Network Theory
4.4 Extension of the Network Theory by Dietzel
4.5 Additional Concepts Supplementing the Network Theory
4.6 Lebedev's Crystallite Theory
4.7 Further Development of the Crystallite Theory
4.8 Kinetic Theory
5 Methodology in Glass Research
5.1 Structure of Liquids and Melts
5.2 The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method as Applied to Glass Research
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Basic NMR Theory
5.2.3 Dipolar Interaction
5.2.4 Chemical Shift
5.2.5 Quadrupole Interaction
5.3 Electron Microscopy
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Relations Between Light and Electron Microscopy
5.3.3 Imaging and Preparation of Samples
5.3.3.1 Direct Penetration of the Sample by Electrons
5.3.3.2 Carbon Replica Method after Bradley
5.3.3.3 Further Development of the Experimental Technique of Bradley's Carbon Replica
5.3.3.4 Treatment of Glass Surfaces Prior to Replication
5.3.4 The Scanning Electron Microscope and Electron Microprobe
6 Microphase Separation
6.1 Early History
6.2 Electron Microscopy Evidence for Immiscibility Phenomena in Glasses
6.3 Theoretical Treatment
6.3.1 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation. General (Kortüm)
6.3.1.1 Conditions of Equilibrium and Stability
6.3.1.2 Derivation of Stability Conditions for a Binary Mixed Phase
6.3.1.3 Characterization of the Regions of Immiscibility in Binary and Ternary Systems
6.3.2 Thermodynamics of Immiscibility in Glasses
6.3.3 Kinetics of Immiscibility in Glasses
6.4 Experimental Evidence
6.4.1 Functional Change of Microphases
6.4.2 Multiple Phase Separation
6.4.3 Shells around Microphases
6.4.4 Droplet Agglomeration after Secondary Phase Separation
6.4.5 Composition of Microphases and Distribution of Heavy Metal Ions
6.4.6 General Conclusions on Immiscibility Behavior and Microstructure
6.4.7 Control of Phase Separation
7 Structure and Properties of Colorless Glasses
7.1 Silica Glass
7.2 Alkali Silicate Glasses
7.2.1 The Mixed-Alkali Effect
7.3 Alkaline Earth and Alkali-Alkaline Earth Silicate Glasses
7.4 Borate and Borosilicate Glasses
7.4.1 Binary Alkali Borate Glasses. The "Boron Anomaly"
7.4.1.1 Temperature Dependence of the Boric Acid Anomaly
7.4.1.2 Tendency Toward Immiscibility
7.4.1.3 Present State of Interpretations of the "Boron Anomaly"
7.4.2 Borosilicate Glasses
7.4.2.1 The Ternary System Na2O-B2O3-SiO2
7.4.2.2 Vycor-Type Glasses
7.4.2.3 Pyrex-Type Glasses
7.5 Glasses of High Lead Content
7.5.1 Glass Formation in Lead-Containing Systems
7.5.2 Phase Separation in Glasses Containing Lead
7.5.3 Structurally Conditioned Coloration of High-Lead Silicate Glasses
7.6 Phosphate Glasses
7.6.1 Structure of Phosphate Glasses
7.6.2 Phase Separation in Pure Phosphate Glasses
7.7 Tellurite Glasses
7.7.1 Glass-Formation Range and Optical Properties of Tellurite Glasses
7.7.2 Structure of Tellurite Glasses
7.8 Beryllium Fluoride Glasses - "Model Glasses"
7.8.1 Theoretical Discussion of "Model Glasses"
7.8.2 Ranges of Glass Formation in BeF2 Model Systems. Properties of These Glasses
7.8.2.1 Density Plots
7.8.2.2 Refractive Index Plots
7.8.3 Phase Separation in Pure BeF2 Glasses
7.8.4 Fluoride Glasses Free of Beryllium
7.8.5 Fluorophosphate Glasses
7.9 Zirconium Fluoride Glasses
7.9.1 Glass Formation, Structure and Properties
7.10 Germanate Glasses
7.10.1 Glass Formation from GeO2 and Germanate Melts
7.10.2 Structure and Properties
7.11 Glasses Containing Arsenic Oxide
7.11.1 Glass Formation
7.11.2 Structure and Properties of Glasses of High Arsenic Oxide Content
7.12 Glasses Containing Antimony Oxide
7.12.1 Glass Formation and Some Important Properties
7.12.2 Structure
7.13 Glasses Containing Bismuth Oxide
7.14 Limited Glass Formation in Systems of Exclusively Scientific Interest
7.14.1 Titanate Glasses
7.14.2 Vanadate Glasses
7.14.3 Nitrate Glasses
7.14.4 Carbonate Glasses and Glasses Based on ZnCl2
7.14.5 Oxyhalide Glasses
7.14.6 Oxynitride Glasses
7.14.7 Oxycarbonate Glasses
7.14.8 High-H2O Glasses
7.15 Metal Glasses
7.16 Vitreous Carbon
7.17 The Sol-Gel Method for Production of Glasses and Glass Ceramics
7.17.1 Introduction
7.17.2 The Alkoxide Sol-Gel Method
7.17.3 The Silica Hydrosol Process
7.17.4 The Ormocer Method
7.17.5 The Importance and Application of Gel Glasses
8 New Optical High-Performance Glasses
8.1 Fundamental Principles of the Dispersion Behaviour of Glasses
8.2 Change of the Dispersion with the Introduction of Additional Absorption Centers
8.3 Optical Glasses with Unusual Partial Dispersions
8.4 Athermal Optical Glasses
8.5 Non-linear Refraction
8.6 Prerequisites on the Raw Material for the Production of Optical Glasses
9 Structure and Properties of Colored Glasses
9.1 General
9.2 Absorption of Colorless Base Glasses
9.3 Glasses Colored by Ions
9.3.1 Dependence of Absorption on Network-Former
9.3.2 Dependence of Absorption on Modifiers
9.3.3 Dependence of Absorption on the Valency of the Chromophore
9.3.4 Dependence of Absorption on the Coordination Number of the Chromophore
9.3.4.1 Coordination Change Due to Change in Chromophore Concentration
9.3.4.2 Coordination Change of Chromophore Due to Concentration Change of Network-Modifier
9.3.4.3 Coordination Change of Chromophore Due to Changed Network-Former
9.3.5 Problems of Interpretation
9.3.6 Technologically Important Chromophores and Selected Transmission Curves
9.4 Striking Glasses
9.4.1 Composition, Preparation, and Absorption Behavior
9.4.2 Base Glass Structure and Coloring Mechanism in "Striking" Glasses
9.4.3 Coloring Mechanism in Striking Glasses
9.4.4 Related Glasses with Other Chromophores
9.5 Glasses Colored by Metal Colloids (Ruby Glasses)
9.5.1 Composition, Fabrication, and Absorption Behavior
9.5.2 Structure and Coloring Mechanism in True Ruby Glasses
9.5.3 Silver Stain
9.6 IR-Absorbing Glasses (Heat-Absorbing Glasses)
9.6.1 Application of Heat-Absorbing Glasses and Absorption Behavior of Glasses Containing Fe2+ and Fe3+ Ions
9.6.2 Development, Production, and Properties of Heat-Absorbing Glasses
9.7 IR-Transmitting Glasses
9.7.1 IR-Transmission of Solids
9.7.2 IR-Transmission of Germanate, Tellurite, and Aluminate Glasses
9.7.3 IR-Transmitting Chalcogenide Glasses
9.7.3.1 Arsenic Sulfide Glasses
9.7.3.1 Other Chalcogenide Systems
9.8 Opacified Glasses
9.8.1 Mechanisms of Opacification
9.8.2 History and Classification of Opacified Glasses
9.8.3 Phosphate Opal Glasses
9.8.4 Fluorine Opal Glasses
9.8.5 Opal Glasses Based on SnO2, TiO2, ZrO2, CeO2, ZnO, and Other Compounds
9.8.6 Light Scattering and Color of Microdisperse Two-Phase Glasses
10 Crystallization of Glasses
10.1 General
10.2 Theoretical Considerations
10.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation
10.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation
10.2.3 Crystal Growth
10.3 Crystallization as a Defect in Glass
10.4 Controlled Crystallization
10.4.1 Principles of Controlled Crystallization
10.4.2 Pioneering Developments at Corning Glass Works
10.4.2.1 Glass Ceramics with Minimal Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
10.4.2.1.1 Composition, Production, and Application
10.4.2.1.2 Structure and Properties
10.4.2.2 Machinable Glass Ceramics
10.4.2.2.1 General, Composition, Production
10.4.2.3 New Mica-Containing Glass Ceramics
10.4.2.4 Chain Silicate Glass Ceramics
10.4.2.5 Strengthening of a Special Glass by the Chemcor Process
10.4.3 Fundamental Investigations in the Development of Glass-Ceramics at the Otto Schott Institute of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena
10.4.3.1 Nucleation and Crystallization Kinetics of a Base Glass from the Mg0-Al203-Si02 System
10.4.3.2 Doping of the Base Glass with 11.2 mol% Fluorine Ions
10.4.3.3 High-Strength Glass Ceramics Containing Spinel
10.4.3.4 Single Doping of the Base Glass with 2-10 mol% TiO2 (Ti2O3) also Leads to High Strength Glass Ceramics
10.4.3.5 Double Doping of the Base Glass with 11.2 mol % F and 5.2 mol % Na2O Yields Machinable Glass Ceramics
10.4.3.6 Ferrimagnetic Glass Ceramics
10.4.4 Development of Bioglass Ceramics for Medicine
10.4.4.1 Introduction
10.4.4.2 Development of Bioglass Ceramics, Present State, Requirements and Targets
10.4.4.3 Development of Biocompatible and Machinable Glass Ceramics
10.4.4.4 Development of Bioactive Glass Ceramics
10.5 Bioactive, Piezoelectric, Phosphate Glass Ceramics Free of Silica
10.5.1 Development Trends of Phosphate Glass Ceramics
10.5.2 Structure and Crystallization Behavior of Phosphate Glasses
10.5.3 Development of Pure Biophosphate Glass Ceramics
10.5.4 Animal Experiments at the Academy of Medicine of Dresden on the Intergrowth Between Phosphate Glass-Ceramic Implants and Bones
10.5.5 Clinical Tests of the New Bioglass Ceramics on Humans
10.5.6 Summary and Outlook
10.6 Sintered and Special Glass Ceramics
10.6.1 Sintered Glass Ceramics
10.6.2 Special Glass Ceramics
11 The Strength of Glass
11.1 Theoretical Strength
11.2 Effective Strength: Attempts at Theoretical and Practical Explanations
11.2.1 Theoretical Concepts Regarding the Strength of Glass
11.2.2 Experimental Investigations
11.2.2.1 A Demonstration of Griffith Flaws
11.2.2.2 Strength After Elimination of Crude Surface Defects
11.2.2.3 Fatigue
11.2.2.4 Aging
11.2.3 The Strength of Glass Fibers
11.3 Strengthening Methods in Practice
11.3.1 Tempering
11.3.2 Compound Glass
11.3.3 Silicon-Organic Coatings
11.3.4 Dealkalizing
11.3.5 Ion Exchange: "Chemical Strengthening"
11.3.6 Multiple Layer Glass
12 Interaction Between High Energy Radiation and Glass
12.1 General Considerations
12.2 Photosensitive Glasses Based on the Formation of Metal Colloids
12.3 Photosensitive Glasses Based on Partial Crystallization in Lithium and Barium Silicate Systems
12.3.1 Composition and Preparation
12.3.2 Structure, Properties, and Microprocesses
12.3.3 Special Properties and Applications, Photoform, Photoceram
12.3.3.1 Photoform
12.3.3.2 Photoceram
12.4 Dosimeter Glasses
12.5 Photochromic Systems and Glasses
12.5.1 Requirements of Photochromic Systems
12.5.2 Combination of Photochromic Organic Compounds and Glass
12.5.3 Inorganic Photochromic Glasses
12.5.3.1 Development and Application
12.5.3.2 Photochromic Glasses Activated by Rare Earths
12.5.3.3 Borosilicate Glasses Doped with Silver Halides
12.5.3.4 Borosilicate Glasses Doped with Silver Molybdate and Tungstate
12.5.3.5 Borosilicate Glasses Doped with Copper or Cadmium Halides
12.5.3.6 Thermally Darkening Photochromic Glasses ("TDPC")
12.6 Laser Glasses
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Light Absorption and Light Emission in Solids
12.6.3 The Solid Laser
12.6.3.1 Laser Principle - Oscillator - Optical Pumps
12.6.3.2 Mode of Operation of Lasers
12.6.3.3 Properties of a Solid Laser Material
12.6.4 Efficiency Increase by Sensitization
12.6.5 Applications of Lasers
12.7 Radiation Protection and Radiation-Resistant ("Protected") Glasses
12.8 Transmission Changes of Colored Glasses under ? Irradiation
12.9 Solarization
13 Survey of the Physical Basis of Some Glass Properties
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Refraction of Light, Dispersion and Abbe's Value
13.3 Density
13.4 Molar Refraction
13.5 Thermal Expansion
13.6 Viscosity
13.7 Strain
13.8 Surface Tension
13.9 Heat Conductivity, Specific Heat
13.10 Electrical Conductivity
References.