Reference Electrodes are a crucial part of any electrochemical system, yet an up-to-date and comprehensive handbook is long overdue. Here, an experienced team of electrochemists provides an in-depth source of information and data for the proper choice and construction of reference electrodes. This includes all kinds of applications such as aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, ionic liquids, glass melts, solid electrolyte systems, and membrane electrodes. Advanced technologies such as miniaturized, conducting-polymer-based, screen-printed or disposable reference electrodes are also covered. Essential know-how is clearly presented and illustrated with almost 200 figures.

Electrode potentials

Reference redox systems in non-aqueous systems and the relation of electrode potentials in non-aqueous and mixed solvents to standard potentials in water
Liquid junction potentials
Salt bridges and diaphragms
Reference electrodes for aqueous solutions
Reference Electrodes for Use in Nonaqueous Solutions
Reference electrodes for ionic liquids and molten salts
Reference Electrodes in Oxidic Glass Melts
Reference electrodes for solid electrolyte devices
Direct solid contact in reference electrodes
Micro reference electrodes
Conducting polymer based reference electrodes
Screen-printed, disposable, reference electrodes
Pseudo-reference electrodes
The Kelvin Probe technique as reference electrode for application on thin and ultra-thin electrolyte films.