1;Contributors;8 2;Acknowledgement;9 3;Foreword;10 4;Introduction;12 4.1;Where Is the Problem?;12 4.2;How to Solve the Problem;12 4.3;How to Use This Manual;13 5;Contents;14 6;1 Technique;16 6.1;1.1 Equipment;17 6.2;1.2 Additional Equipment for Hip Ultrasound;17 6.3;1.3 Image Projection;17 7;2 Anatomy and Ultrasound of the Normal Infant Hip Joint;20 7.1;2.1 Explanation of Terminology Used in Describing the Ultrasound Anatomy;21 7.2;2.2 Ultrasound Characteristics of the Different Tissues in the Region of the Hip Joint;21 7.3;2.3 The Proximal Femur in Hip Ultrasound;21 7.4;2.4 Femoral Head;22 7.5;2.5 The Acetabulum (Fig. 2.8);29 8;3 The Standard Plane;34 8.1;3.1 The Principle of the "Standard Plane";35 8.2;3.2 The Problem of the Variable Bone Coverage of the Femoral Head;36 9;4 Identifying the Anatomy and Checking the Landmarks and Tilting Eff ects;42 9.1;4.1 Anatomical Identification;43 9.2;4.2 Checking the Landmarks;43 9.3;4.3 Checking a Hip Sonogram;45 10;5 Definition of Types;46 10.1;5.1 Type I;48 10.2;5.2 Type II;49 10.3;5.3 Type III;49 10.4;5.4 Type IV;50 10.5;5.5 Differentiation Between Ossification and Degeneration;50 11;6 Ultrasound Classification;54 11.1;6.1 Description;55 11.2;6.2 Systematic Reporting of a Sonogram;58 12;7 Measurement Technique;60 12.1;7.1 The Bony Roof Line ( Fig. 7.1a);61 12.2;7.2 Base Line ( Fig. 7.2a - c);61 12.3;7.3 Cartilage Roof Line ( Fig. 7.3a - c);63 13;8 Classification Using the Sonometer;66 13.1;8.1 The Alpha Values;67 13.2;8.2 The Beta Value;68 13.3;8.3 Classification in Premature Infants 8.4 Certainty of the Diagnosis;70 14;9 Instability;72 14.1;9.1 Elasticity " Elastic Whipping" ( Fig. 9.1. b - d);74 14.2;9.2 Pathological Instability;75 14.3;9.3 Summary of the Principal Differences Between Elasticity and ( Pathological) Instability;75 15;10 The Terminology of Dislocation;76 16;11 Scanning Technique;78 16.1;11.1 Preparation;79 16.2;11.2 Leading and Guiding the Mother;79 16.3;11.3 Scanning Procedure;80 16.4;11.4 Errors;84 17;12 Errors Due to Tilting the Probe;90 17.1;12.1 Antero- posterior Tilting;91 17.2;12.2 Postero-anterior Tilting;91 17.3;12.3 Cranio- caudal Tilting;91 17.4;12.4 Caudo- cranial Tilting;91 17.5;12.5 Cradle and Probe- Guiding Equipment ( Figs. 11.1c, 11.4b);92 18;13 Documentation and Quality;96 18.1;13.1 Image Documentation;97 18.2;13.2 Written Report;97 18.3;13.3 Tips for Checking and Ensuring the Quality of One's Own Sonograms;97 19;14 Principles of Ultrasound- Based Management;98 19.1;14.1 Basic Biomechanical Aspects Behind the Principles of Treatment;99 19.2;14.2 Goals of Treatment;99 19.3;14.3 Stages of Treatment;99 19.4;14.4 Why Errors Occur;108 20;15 Appendix;110 21;Suggested Reading;122