1;Contents;62;Preface;103;1 Introduction;123.1;1.1 General Aspects of Hot Runner Technology;123.2;1.2 Design of Hot Runner Systems and Nomenclature of Components;173.3;1.3 Design of Single Components Used for Hot Runner Systems;183.4;References for Chapter 1;194;2 Basic Aspects of Heat Technology;204.1;2.1 Heat Transfer;214.1.1;2.1.1 Heat Conduction;214.1.2;2.1.2 Convection;274.1.3;2.1.3 Radiation;304.1.4;2.1.4 Summary;344.2;2.2 Amount of Heat, Heating Capacity;354.3;2.3 Heat Expansion;374.4;References for Chapter 2;475;3 Introduction of Hot Runner Components;485.1;3.1 Hot Runner Manifold Block;485.1.1;3.1.1 Externally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;525.1.2;3.1.2 Internally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;575.1.3;3.1.3 Insulated Runner System;605.1.4;3.1.4 Rheological Design;635.2;3.2 Reflector- and Thermal Insulating Sheets, Surface Coating;675.3;3.3 Melt Chamber Bushing;725.4;3.4 Distributor Bushing;745.5;3.5 Spacer Disks;775.6;3.6 Anti-Twist Device for Hot Runner Block;895.7;3.7 Turn Plugs;905.8;3.8 Hot Runner Nozzles;935.8.1;3.8.1 General Aspects;935.8.2;3.8.2 Open Hot Runner Nozzle;945.8.3;3.8.3 Open Multiple Gate Nozzles;1005.8.4;3.8.4 Shut-Off Nozzles;1185.9;References for Chapter 3;1546;4 Heating of Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;1586.1;4.1 Cylindrical Cartridge Heater;1596.2;4.2 Tapered Cartridge Heater;1616.3;4.3 Threaded Cartridge Heater;1626.4;4.4 Tubular Heater;1636.5;4.5 Heater Plate;1666.6;4.6 "Thick-Film"- Heating Element;1686.7;4.7 Indirect Heating Using a Liquid Medium;1696.8;4.8 Heat Pipe;1706.9;4.9 Determination of Heating Capacity of an Externally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Block;1716.9.1;4.9.1 Estimate of Required Heating Capacity;1716.9.2;4.9.2 Numerical Determination of Heating Capacity to be Installed for the Heat-up Phase;1726.10;References for Chapter 4;1757;5 Heating of Hot Runner Nozzles;1767.1;5.1 Cylindrical Cartridge Heater;1767.2;5.2 Coiled Heater;1777.3;5.3 Resistor Heater;1817.4;5.4 Heat Pipe;1847.5;5.5 Indirect Heating Using a Liquid Medium;1857.6;5.6 General Remarks Regarding Internal Heating ("Conductive Heating");1887.7;5.7 Indirect Heating;1927.7.1;5.7.1 Thermally Conductive Torpedoes;1927.7.2;5.7.2 Thermally Conductive Nozzle;1977.8;References for Chapter 5;2038;6 Measurement and Control of Temperature;2049;7 Material Behavior under Mechanical Load;2069.1;7.1 Notch Effect under Static Load;2069.2;7.2 Notch Effect under Dynamic Load;2099.3;References for Chapter 7;21110;8 Corrosion and Wear;21210.1;References for Chapter 8;21611;9 Screw Connections and Material Selection for Elevated Temperatures;21811.1;References for Chapter 9;22112;10 Basic Aspects of Plastics Technology;22212.1;10.1 Flow Characteristics, Viscosity, Pressure Loss;22212.2;10.2 Thermal Stability;22612.3;10.3 Decrease of Molecular Weight (Exemplified by PBT);22812.3.1;10.3.1 Thermal Degradation;22812.3.2;10.3.2 Mechanical Degradation;23012.3.3;10.3.3 Oxidative Degradation;23012.3.4;10.3.4 Hydrolytic Degradation;23112.4;References for Chapter 10;23113;11 Maintenance and Storage of Hot Runner Molds;23213.1;References for Chapter 11;23314;12 Design of Special Hot Runner Systems and Hot Runner Molds;23414.1;12.1 300-Fold Hot Runner System for the Production of Transistor Housings Made of Reinforced PBT;23414.2;12.2 Hot Runner Manifold Block for Sandwich Molding;23714.3;12.3 Hot Runner System with Balanced Filling Action;23914.4;12.4 Hot Runner Nozzles for Small Center-to-Center Cavity Space;24014.5;References for Chapter 12;24215;Appendix 1: Abbreviations Used in this Book;24416;Appendix 2: Conversion Factors for Units of Measure;24617;Index;250

1;Contents;6<br />2;Preface;10<br />3;1 Introduction;12<br />3.1;1.1 General Aspects of Hot Runner Technology;12<br />3.2;1.2 Design of Hot Runner Systems and Nomenclature of Components;17<br />3.3;1.3 Design of Single Components Used for Hot Runner Systems;18<br />3.4;References for Chapter 1;19<br />4;2 Basic Aspects of Heat Technology;20<br />4.1;2.1 Heat Transfer;21<br />4.1.1;2.1.1 Heat Conduction;21<br />4.1.2;2.1.2 Convection;27<br />4.1.3;2.1.3 Radiation;30<br />4.1.4;2.1.4 Summary;34<br />4.2;2.2 Amount of Heat, Heating Capacity;35<br />4.3;2.3 Heat Expansion;37<br />4.4;References for Chapter 2;47<br />5;3 Introduction of Hot Runner Components;48<br />5.1;3.1 Hot Runner Manifold Block;48<br />5.1.1;3.1.1 Externally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;52<br />5.1.2;3.1.2 Internally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;57<br />5.1.3;3.1.3 Insulated Runner System;60<br />5.1.4;3.1.4 Rheological Design;63<br />5.2;3.2 Reflector- and Thermal Insulating Sheets, Surface Coating;67<br />5.3;3.3 Melt Chamber Bushing;72<br />5.4;3.4 Distributor Bushing;74<br />5.5;3.5 Spacer Disks;77<br />5.6;3.6 Anti-Twist Device for Hot Runner Block;89<br />5.7;3.7 Turn Plugs;90<br />5.8;3.8 Hot Runner Nozzles;93<br />5.8.1;3.8.1 General Aspects;93<br />5.8.2;3.8.2 Open Hot Runner Nozzle;94<br />5.8.3;3.8.3 Open Multiple Gate Nozzles;100<br />5.8.4;3.8.4 Shut-Off Nozzles;118<br />5.9;References for Chapter 3;154<br />6;4 Heating of Hot Runner Manifold Blocks;158<br />6.1;4.1 Cylindrical Cartridge Heater;159<br />6.2;4.2 Tapered Cartridge Heater;161<br />6.3;4.3 Threaded Cartridge Heater;162<br />6.4;4.4 Tubular Heater;163<br />6.5;4.5 Heater Plate;166<br />6.6;4.6 Thick-Film - Heating Element;168<br />6.7;4.7 Indirect Heating Using a Liquid Medium;169<br />6.8;4.8 Heat Pipe;170<br />6.9;4.9 Determination of Heating Capacity of an Externally Heated Hot Runner Manifold Block;171<br />6.9.1;4.9.1 Estimate of Required Heating Capacity;171<br />6.9.2;4.9.2 Numerical Determination of Heating Capacity to be Installed for the Heat-up Phase;172<br />6.10;References for Chapter 4;175<br />7;5 Heating of Hot Runner Nozzles;176<br />7.1;5.1 Cylindrical Cartridge Heater;176<br />7.2;5.2 Coiled Heater;177<br />7.3;5.3 Resistor Heater;181<br />7.4;5.4 Heat Pipe;184<br />7.5;5.5 Indirect Heating Using a Liquid Medium;185<br />7.6;5.6 General Remarks Regarding Internal Heating ( Conductive Heating );188<br />7.7;5.7 Indirect Heating;192<br />7.7.1;5.7.1 Thermally Conductive Torpedoes;192<br />7.7.2;5.7.2 Thermally Conductive Nozzle;197<br />7.8;References for Chapter 5;203<br />8;6 Measurement and Control of Temperature;204<br />9;7 Material Behavior under Mechanical Load;206<br />9.1;7.1 Notch Effect under Static Load;206<br />9.2;7.2 Notch Effect under Dynamic Load;209<br />9.3;References for Chapter 7;211<br />10;8 Corrosion and Wear;212<br />10.1;References for Chapter 8;216<br />11;9 Screw Connections and Material Selection for Elevated Temperatures;218<br />11.1;References for Chapter 9;221<br />12;10 Basic Aspects of Plastics Technology;222<br />12.1;10.1 Flow Characteristics, Viscosity, Pressure Loss;222<br />12.2;10.2 Thermal Stability;226<br />12.3;10.3 Decrease of Molecular Weight (Exemplified by PBT);228<br />12.3.1;10.3.1 Thermal Degradation;228<br />12.3.2;10.3.2 Mechanical Degradation;230<br />12.3.3;10.3.3 Oxidative Degradation;230<br />12.3.4;10.3.4 Hydrolytic Degradation;231<br />12.4;References for Chapter 10;231<br />13;11 Maintenance and Storage of Hot Runner Molds;232<br />13.1;References for Chapter 11;233<br />14;12 Design of Special Hot Runner Systems and Hot Runner Molds;234<br />14.1;12.1 300-Fold Hot Runner System for the Production of Transistor Housings Made of Reinforced PBT;234<br />14.2;12.2 Hot Runner Manifold Block for Sandwich Molding;237<br />14.3;12.3 Hot Runner System with Balanced Filling Action;239<br />14.4;12.4 Hot Runner Nozzles for Small Center-to-Center Cavity Space;240<br />14.5;References for Chapter 12;242<br />15;Appendix 1: Abbreviations Used in this Book;244<br />16;Appendix 2: Conversion Factors for Units of Measure;246<br />17;Index;250