1;Preface;6 2;Introduction;8 3;Contents;11 4;Anaerobic Eukaryotes in Pursuit of Phylogenetic Normality: the Evolution of Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes;13 4.1;1 Introduction;13 4.2;2 Older Views of How and Why the Mitochondrion Become Established;15 4.3;3Anoxic and Sulfidic Oceans up to ~580 MY Ago;17 4.4;4 Canfield Oceans Give Anaerobic Eukaryotes Room to Breathe;19 4.5;5 Anoxic, Fine, and What About Sulfidic?;23 4.6;6 Conclusion;24 5;Protein Import into Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes;33 5.1;1 Introduction;34 5.2;2 Protein Trafficking in Eukaryotes;35 5.3;3 Evolution of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Machinery;40 5.4;4 Studying Hydrogenosomal and Mitosomal Protein Import;42 5.5;6 Crossing the Organellar Membranes;58 5.6;7 The Protein Import Motor;65 5.7;8 Preprotein Processing Peptidases;67 5.8;9 Folding Newly Imported Soluble Proteins;70 5.9;10 Perspectives;72 6;Structure of the Hydrogenosome;86 6.1;1 Introduction;87 6.2;2 Where are Hydrogenosomes Found?;87 6.3;3 Hydrogenosome Shape;89 6.4;4 Hydrogenosome Size;89 6.5;5 Hydrogenosome Components;90 6.6;6 Fungal Hydrogenosomes;97 6.7;7 Proximity with Other Cellular Structures;98 6.8;8 Hydrogenosome Autophagy;99 6.9;9 Hydrogenosome Division;99 6.10;10 Hydrogenosome Behavior in the Cell Cycle;103 6.11;11 Hydrogenosomes Connection to Microtubules;104 6.12;12 Immunolabeling;104 7;Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Ciliates;108 7.1;1 Introduction;109 7.2;2 Nyctotherus ovalis;111 7.3;3 The Hydrogenosomes of Other Ciliates;114 7.4;4 Can the Methanogenic Symbionts Tell us More About the Origin and Function of Ciliate Hydrogenosomes;117 7.5;5 Evolutionary Aspects;117 8;Metabolism of Trichomonad Hydrogenosomes;124 8.1;1 Introduction;125 8.2;2 The Hydrogenosomal Membrane;125 8.3;3 Energy Metabolism;126 8.4;4 Proteins of the Core Catabolic Pathway;131 8.5;5 Interaction with Oxygen;138 8.6;7 Amino Acid and Polyamine Metabolism;145 8.7;8 Other Predicted Hydrogenosomal Proteins;148 8.8;9 Technical Note: Isolation of Hydrogenosomes for Biochemical Experiments;149 8.9;10 Perspectives;149 9;Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Chytrids: An AlternativeWay to Adapt to Anaerobic Environments;157 9.1;1 Introduction;158 9.2;2 Mitochondria Versus Hydrogenosomes;159 9.3;3 Anaerobic Chytrids Possess Hydrogenosomes and Perform a (Bacterial-Type) Mixed Acid Fermentation;161 9.4;4 Hydrogenosomal Metabolism of Piromyces and Neocallimastix;161 9.5;5 The Role of the Hydrogenosomes in the Energy Metabolism of Piromyces sp. E2;165 9.6;6 Evidence for a Mitochondrial Origin of Chytrid Hydrogenosomes;166 10;The Proteome of T. vaginalis Hydrogenosomes;173 10.1;1 The Mitochondrial Background;173 10.2;2 A Preliminary Status of Trichomonad Hydrogenosomal Proteomes;175 10.3;3 The Origins of Hydrogenosomal Proteins;183 10.4;4 Outlook;185 11;Hydrogenosome: The Site of 5-Nitroimidazole Activation and Resistance;189 11.1;1 Introduction;189 11.2;2 Activation of Metronidazole in Hydrogenosomes;190 11.3;3 Metronidazole Resistance;194 11.4;4 Conclusions;205 12;Mitosomes in Parasitic Protists;210 12.1;1 Introduction;211 12.2;2 Mitosomes, "Novel" Organelles in "Ancient" Protists?;213 12.3;3 Morphology of Mitosomes;215 12.4;4 Biogenesis of Mitosomes;218 12.5;5 Physiological Functions;223 12.6;6 Perspectives;232 13;The Mitochondrion-Related Organelle of Cryptosporidium parvum;240 13.1;1 Introduction;241 13.2;2 Ultrastructural Morphology;242 13.3;3 Cell Biology;246 13.4;4 Carbohydrate Metabolism;249 13.5;5 Energy Metabolism;252 13.6;6 The Crystalloid Body;253 13.7;7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives;255 14;Mitochondrial Remnant in Blastocystis;263 14.1;1 Introduction;263 14.2;2 Morphology;265 14.3;3 Biochemistry of Mitochondria-Like Organelle of Blastocystis;268 14.4;4 Role of MLO in Blastocystis Programmed Cell Death;269 14.5;5 Future Directions;270 15;PossibleMitochondria-Related Organelles in Poorly-Studied "Amitochondriate" Eukaryotes;273 15.1;1 Introduction;273 15.2;2 Pelobionts;278 15.3;3 Metamonada;281 15.4;4 Heterolobosea;283 15.5;5