1;Preface;5 2;Contents;6 3;List of Contributors;11 4;Abbreviations;13 5;DEVELOPMENT OF THE STERNOCOSTOCLAVICULAR REGION;14 5.1;1 Bones, Cartilages and Joints;15 5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;15 5.1.2;1.2 Sternum, Including Manubriosternal Joint;15 5.1.3;1.3 Clavicle;20 5.1.4;1.4 Joints and Costal Cartilages;20 5.1.5;1.5 Conclusions;21 5.1.6;References;21 6;NORMAL ANATOMY AND VARIANTS;23 6.1;2 Bones and Cartilages;24 6.1.1;2.1 Introduction;24 6.1.2;2.2 Sternum, Including Manubriosternal Joint;25 6.1.3;2.3 Clavicle;32 6.1.4;2.4 Cartilages and Their Articulation;34 6.1.5;2.5 Age Determination;36 6.1.6;2.6 Conclusions;37 6.1.7;References;37 6.2;3 Sternoclavicular Joints;40 6.2.1;3.1 Introduction;40 6.2.2;3.2 Macroscopic Anatomy;40 6.2.3;3.3 Microscopic Anatomy;42 6.2.4;3.4 Appearance at Imaging;44 6.2.5;3.5 Conclusions;46 6.2.6;References;46 7;BIOMECHANICS OF THE STERNOCOSTOCLAVICULAR REGION;48 7.1;4 Biomechanics of Joints and Cartilages;49 7.1.1;4.1 Introduction;49 7.1.2;4.2 Sternoclavicular Joints;49 7.1.3;4.3 Manubriosternal Joint;50 7.1.4;4.4 Sternocostal Joints;51 7.1.5;4.5 Conclusions;52 7.1.6;References;52 8;IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES;53 8.1;5 Conventional Radiography and Tomography;54 8.1.1;5.1 Conventional Radiography;54 8.1.2;5.2 Conventional Tomography;56 8.1.3;5.3 Conclusions;56 8.1.4;References;56 8.2;6 Computed Tomography;58 8.2.1;6.1 Introduction;58 8.2.2;6.2 Technical Aspects;59 8.2.3;6.3 Normal Computed Tomography Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region;60 8.2.4;6.4 Indications for Computed Tomography;63 8.2.5;6.5 Conclusions;64 8.2.6;References;64 8.3;7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;67 8.3.1;7.1 Introduction;67 8.3.2;7.2 Technical Aspects;68 8.3.3;7.3 Normal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region;69 8.3.4;7.4 Indications for Magnetic Resonance Imaging;70 8.3.5;7.5 Conclusions;74 8.3.6;References;74 8.4;8 Ultrasonography;76 8.4.1;8.1 Introduction;76 8.4.2;8.2 Technical Aspects;76 8.4.3;8.3 Normal Ultrasonography Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region;78 8.4.4;8.4 Indications for Ultrasonography;78 8.4.5;8.5 Conclusions;81 8.4.6;References;81 8.5;9 Radionuclide Imaging;83 8.5.1;9.1 Introduction;83 8.5.2;9.2 Technical Aspects;84 8.5.3;9.3 Normal Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region;84 8.5.4;9.4 Indications for Radionuclide Imaging;85 8.5.5;9.5 Conclusions;87 8.5.6;References;87 9;CLINICAL PROBLEMS;89 9.1;10 Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities;90 9.1.1;10.1 Introduction;90 9.1.2;10.2 Pectus Deformities;90 9.1.3;10.3 Sternal Fusion Anomalies;93 9.1.4;10.4 Other Sternal Abnormalities;95 9.1.5;10.5 Clavicular Abnormalities;95 9.1.6;10.6 Conclusions;97 9.1.7;References;97 9.2;11 Traumatic and Post- traumatic Disorders;99 9.2.1;11.1 Introduction;99 9.2.2;11.2 Soft Tissue Injuries;100 9.2.3;11.3 Anterior Costal Fractures;101 9.2.4;11.4 Costal Cartilage Injuries;102 9.2.5;11.5 Sternal Fractures;105 9.2.6;11.6 Sternoclavicular Dislocations;107 9.2.7;11.7 Manubriosternal Dislocations;111 9.2.8;References;111 9.3;12 Seronegative Arthritis and Sternocostoclavicular Syndromes;116 9.3.1;12.1 Introduction;116 9.3.2;12.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis;118 9.3.3;12.3 Osteoarthropathy Associated with Pustulosis Palmoplantaris;122 9.3.4;12.4 Psoriatic Arthritis;130 9.3.5;12.5 Reactive Arthritis;133 9.3.6;12.6 Enteropathic Arthropathy;135 9.3.7;12.7 SAPHO, Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis and Other " Syndromes";137 9.3.8;12.8 Conclusions;139 9.3.9;References;139 9.4;13 Predominant Osseous Inflammatory Lesions;145 9.4.1;13.1 Introduction;145 9.4.2;13.2 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis;146 9.4.3;13.3 Adult Osteoarthropathy;155 9.4.4;13.4 Terminology;160 9.4.5;13.5 Conclusions;161 9.4.6;References;162 9.5;14 Other Rheumatic Inflammatory Disorders;166 9.5.1;14.1 Introduction;166 9.5.2;14.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis;166 9.5.3;14.3 Gout;168 9.5.4;14.4 Pseudogout - Chondrocalcinosis;169 9.5.5;14.5 Monarthritis;169 9.5.6;14.6 Other Disorders;172 9.5.7;14.7 Conclusion;173 9.5.8;Refe