1;Preface;5 2;Contents;7 3;Contributors;9 4;Sperm Antigens;12 4.1;Proteomics of Human Spermatozoa;13 4.1.1;1.1.1 Introduction;13 4.1.2;1.1.2Technologies Used for the Study of the Sperm Proteome;14 4.1.2.1;1.1.2.1Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis;14 4.1.2.2;1.1.2.2 Difference in Gel Electrophoresis;16 4.1.2.3;1.1.2.3 Chromatographic Separation Methods;17 4.1.3;1.1.3 Conclusions;19 4.2;Methods of Analysis of Sperm Antigens Related to Fertility;23 4.2.1;1.2.1Introduction;23 4.2.2;1.2.2Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis;24 4.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Vectorial Labeling of Surface Proteins;25 4.2.2.2;1.2.2.2Identification of Fertility Related Sperm Antigens by Naturally Occurring Antisperm Antibodies;26 4.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Differential Extraction;28 4.2.2.4;1.2.2.4Subcellular Fractionation of the Sperm;30 4.2.2.5;1.2.2.5Use of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies;31 4.2.2.6;1.2.2.6 Identification of GPI Anchored Proteins;31 4.2.2.7;1.2.2.7Two-Dimensional Differential in-Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE);32 4.2.2.8;1.2.2.8Identification of Phosphoproteins and Glycoproteins;32 4.2.2.9;1.2.2.9Identification and Mining of Low Abundant Proteins;32 4.2.2.10;1.2.2.10Coring of Protein Spots for Microsequencing and Cloning of Novel Genes;33 4.2.3;1.2.3cDNA Library Screening;34 4.2.4;1.2.4Summary;35 4.3;Sperm Surface Proteomics;42 4.3.1;1.3.1Introduction;42 4.3.1.1;1.3.1.1The Sperm Surface;42 4.3.1.2;1.3.1.2Function of Sperm Membrane Domains at Fertilization;43 4.3.1.3;1.3.1.3Sperm Surface Dynamics Before Fertilization;43 4.3.2;1.3.2Isolation of Sperm Surface Proteins;45 4.3.3;1.3.3Detection of Sperm Surface Proteins;47 4.3.3.1;1.3.3.1Tagging of Sperm Proteins and Peptides;47 4.3.3.2;1.3.3.2Surface Specific Considerations for Sperm Proteomics;48 4.3.4;1.3.4Comparison of Surface Proteomics of Human Sperm with Those of Mouse and Porcine or Bovine Sperms;49 4.3.4.1;1.3.4.1Human Sperm Proteomics;50 4.3.4.2;1.3.4.2Mouse Sperm Proteomics;51 4.3.4.3;1.3.4.3Porcine and Bovine Sperm Proteomics;51 4.3.5;1.3.5Conclusions;53 4.4;Sperm Functions Influenced by Immune Reactions;58 4.4.1;1.4.1Sperm Agglutination;58 4.4.2;1.4.2Sperm Apoptosis;60 4.4.3;1.4.3Sperm Motility;60 4.4.4;1.4.4Cervix Mucus Penetration;61 4.4.5;1.4.5Acrosome Reaction;62 4.4.6;1.4.6Zona Binding;64 4.4.7;1.4.7Oolemma Binding and Sperm-Egg Fusion;66 4.4.8;1.4.8Pronucleus Formation;68 4.4.9;1.4.9Conclusions;68 5;Antisperm Antibodies (ASA);75 5.1;The Immune Privilege of the Testis;76 5.1.1;2.1.1Introduction;76 5.1.2;2.1.2 Blood Testis Barrier;77 5.1.3;2.1.3 Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Function and Immune Privilege;79 5.1.4;2.1.4 Mechanism of Maintenance and Disturbance of Testicular Immune Privilege;79 5.1.4.1;2.1.4.1 Macrophages;79 5.1.4.2;2.1.4.2 Dendritic Cells (DC);80 5.1.5;2.1.5 Conclusions;81 5.2;Immune Chemistry of ASA;85 5.2.1;2.2.1Introduction;85 5.2.2;2.2.2Natural Autoantibodies;86 5.2.3;2.2.3ASA Antibodies Developed Prepuberty;87 5.2.4;2.2.4ASA Antibodies in Females;89 5.2.5;2.2.5ASA Antibodies in Males;90 5.2.6;2.2.6Carbohydrate-Mediated ASA Antibodies;92 5.2.7;2.2.7Conclusions;94 5.3;Sperm-Specific T Lymphocytes;97 5.3.1;2.3.1 General Characteristics of T Lymphocytes (from Janeway's Immunobiology, 2007);97 5.3.2;2.3.2 What is Known About Antigen-Specific T Cells in Immune Infertility?;98 5.3.3;2.3.3 T Cells in Semen;99 5.4;Site and Risk Factors of Antisperm Antibodies Production in the Male Population;103 5.4.1;2.4.2Risk Factors and Site of ASA Formation;104 5.4.1.1;2.4.2.1Chronic Obstruction of the MRT;104 5.4.1.2;2.4.2.2Infection and/or Inflammation of the MRT as Cause of ASA Formation;106 5.4.1.3;2.4.2.3Varicocele as Cause of ASA Formation;108 5.4.1.4;2.4.2.4Cryptorchidism as a Cause of ASA Formation;109 5.4.1.5;2.4.2.5Testicular Trauma, Surgery, and Torsion as Cause of ASA Formation;109 5.4.1.6;2.4.2.6Testicular Tumors as Cause of ASA Formation;110 5.4.1.7;2.4.2.7Homosexuality as Cause of ASA Formation;110 5.4.2;2.4.3Conclusions;111 5.5;Biologic Substrates Containing