1;183767_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF;1 2;183767_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF;16 2.1;Insights into Function of the Immunological Synapse from Studies with Supported Planar Bilayers;16 2.1.1;Introduction: Role of Receptor-Ligand Interaction in Immunity;17 2.1.2;Degrees of Freedom in Immune Cell Activation;18 2.1.3;Planar Bilayers and the Proof of MHC-Peptide Complexes;19 2.1.4;Determination of Two-Dimensional Affinity;21 2.1.5;Kinetic Rates of Interactions in Contact Area;22 2.1.6;Tandem Low-Affinity Interactions Have Additional Limitations;24 2.1.7;Segregation of Adhesion Molecules by Size;24 2.1.8;Formation of the Immunological Synapse;25 2.1.9;Microclusters Drive Activation;26 2.1.10;Modes of T-Cell Signal Integration;27 2.1.11;B Lymphocytes Acquire Antigen by Force;28 2.1.12;The F-Actin Machine Behind the Synapse;29 2.1.13;What Is the Function of the Immunological Synapse?;31 2.1.14;Conclusions;33 2.1.15;References;33 3;183767_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF;40 3.1;Immunological Synapses Within Context: Patterns of Cell-Cell Communication and Their Application in T-T Interactio;40 3.1.1;Introduction;41 3.1.2;The Emergent Prototypical Immunological Synapse Dynamics;42 3.1.3;Functional Patterns of Cell-Cell Communication;45 3.1.3.1;Dynamic Cellular Assembly and Disassembly;45 3.1.3.2;Defined but Flexible Polarity;47 3.1.3.3;Close Membrane-Membrane Juxtaposition with a Synaptic Cleft;47 3.1.3.4;Aggregation and Segregation of Transmembrane Receptors and Lipids;48 3.1.4;Four Fundamental Immunological Synapse Patterns Are Observed in the Interactions of Activating T Cells with One Another;49 3.1.5;Signaling Implication of T-T contacts for IL-2 Receptor Structure and Function;53 3.1.6;Additional Roles of T-T Synaptic Contact;56 3.1.6.1;Physiological Circumstances of T-Cell Cluster Formation and Its Role in Secondary Responses;56 3.1.6.2;``Quorum Sensing´´ by the Immune System for Activation and Differentiation of the Effectors;57 3.1.6.3;Polarization of Helper T-Cell Differentiation via Synaptic Cytokine Sharing;57 3.1.6.4;T-T Interactions during the Cessation of the Immune Response: The Facilitation of Fas/TNF Interactions Leading to Apopt;58 3.1.6.5;Treg Exclusion in T-T Contacts;58 3.1.7;Creating System-Wide Decisions Through Collective and Spatiotemporal Information Sharing;59 3.1.7.1;Cell-Based Vectorial Spreading of Information;60 3.1.7.2;Selection of a System of Appropriate Cell Types;60 3.1.7.3;A Very Steep Gradient of Cues at Each Encounter Point;60 3.1.7.4;Repeated Selection for Specificity and Mutual Enhancement;60 3.1.8;Concluding Remarks;61 3.1.9;References;61 4;183767_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF;66 4.1;Molecular and Cellular Dynamics at the Early Stages of Antigen Encounter: The B-Cell Immunological Synapse;66 4.1.1;Introduction;67 4.1.2;Molecular Dynamics of B-Cell Antigen Recognition and IS Formation;67 4.1.2.1;A Two-Phase Response Leads to B-Cell Synapse Formation;67 4.1.2.2;Microsignalosomes as the Basic Unit of Signalling in B Cells;69 4.1.2.3;The Importance of the Context;70 4.1.2.4;Antigen Presenting Cells;71 4.1.3;Cellular Dynamics at the Onset of the B-Cell Response In Vivo;71 4.1.3.1;The Naïve B-Cell Migration Pattern: Searching for Antigen;71 4.1.3.2;Early Steps in Antigen Recognition and Activation of Naïve B Cells;72 4.1.3.2.1;Tracking Antigen Recognition In Vivo;73 4.1.3.2.2;In Vivo B-Cell Dynamics;74 4.1.3.2.3;B-Cell IS In Vivo;75 4.1.4;Concluding Remarks;75 4.1.5;References;76 5;183767_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF;78 5.1;Inhibitory and Regulatory Immune Synapses;78 5.1.1;Introduction;79 5.1.2;Definition of Inhibitory Immune Synapses;79 5.1.3;Formation of Inhibitory Synapses;80 5.1.4;Balancing Synapses with Kinapses and Kinetic Proofreading at the Cellular Level;84 5.1.5;Unzipping the Synapse;85 5.1.6;Regulatory Synapses;85 5.1.7;The Regulatory NK-Cell Synapse;86 5.1.8;Triggering Cytokine Secretion Versus Cytolysis;86 5.1.9;References;88 6;183767_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF;95 6.1;The Immunological Synapse, TCR Microclus