Distinguishing between CVDs, e. g. , hemangiomas and vascular malformations, often presents special problems. The clinical symptoms can be misleading and di agnosis requires complete and careful evaluation of the patient's history and in some cases further diagnostic measures. A clear histologic classification is limited to cases in which a surgical resection is indicated and the minimally invasive therapy is no longer possible. However, the diagnosis should be made in a very early stage as the different types of congenital vascular disorders require different types of management. While hemangiomas should be treated in their very early stages, the treatment of some vascular malformations can be postponed until the diagnostic and therapeutic measures are of acceptable risk for the patient. References 1. Belov S, Loose DA, Weber J (1989) Vascular malformations. Einhorn, Reinbeck (Periodica Angiolo gica 16), pp 19-30 2. Berlien HP, Cremer H, Djawari D, Grantzow R, Gubisch W (199311994) Leitlinien zur Behandlung angeborener GefaBerkrankungen. Paediatr Prax 46: 87-92 3. Finn Me, Glowacki J, Mulliken JB (1983) Congenital vascular lesions: clinical application of a new classification. J Pediatri Surg 18 (6): 894-900 4. Grantzow R, Schmittenbecher PP, Klima-Lange D, Spreng G (199011991) Problematik der Therapie von Riesenhamangiomen. Paediatr Prax 41: 311-320 5. Jacobs AH, Walton RG (1976) The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics 58 (2): 218-222 6. Philipp e, Poetke M, Berlien HP (199311994) Klinik und Klassifikation angeborener GefaBerkrank ungen.

The History of Laser Application in Pediatric Surgery

Laser Physics and Laser Tissue Interaction
Electron Microscopic Investigations After Laser Radiation
Clinical Features and Classification of Congenital Vascular Disorders
Ten Years of Laser Treatment of Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations: Techniques and Results
Diagnosis and Therapy of Pediatric Airway Obstructions
Laser Treatment of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
The Treatment of Laryngeal Papillomas with the Aid of Photodynamic Laser Therapy
Laser Treatment of Tracheoesophageal Fistulae
Endoscopic Laser Therapy in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders
Lasers in Childhood: Laparoscopic Applications
Basics of Laser Resection in Parenchymatous Organs
Tumor Removal by Laser
The Use of Lasers in Pediatric Neurosurgery.