1;Preface;6<br />2;Contents;8<br />3;Author Index;12<br />4;Abbreviations;16<br />5;1 Liver Regeneration and Partial Hepatectomy: Process and Prototype;20<br />5.1;1.1 Introduction;20<br />5.2;1.2 Liver Regeneration: Historical Perspective;20<br />5.3;1.3 Partial Hepatectomy as a Means to Study Liver Regeneration;21<br />5.4;1.4 Three Phases of Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy;23<br />5.5;1.5 Future Directions;29<br />6;2 Oval Cells, Bone Marrow, and Liver Regeneration;36<br />6.1;2.1 Stem Cells: Definition and Properties;36<br />6.2;2.2 Liver Stem Cells and Their Role in Hepatic Regeneration;40<br />6.3;2.3 Extrahepatic Stem Cells with Hepatogenic Potential: "The Blood of Prometheus";44<br />6.4;2.4 Clinical Applications of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in Hepatology;49<br />7;3 Inflammation and Liver Regeneration;58<br />7.1;3.1 Introduction;58<br />7.2;3.2 Liver Regeneration and Inflammation: General Aspects;59<br />7.3;3.3 Liver Macrophages and Their Relevance for Liver Regeneration;60<br />7.4;3.4 Inflammatory Mediators Are Required to Promote Liver Regeneration;63<br />7.5;3.5 Inappropriate Inflammation Impairs Liver Regeneration;65<br />7.6;3.6 Role of NK and NKT-cells for Liver Regeneration: Negative Regulators of Regeneration;66<br />8;4 Lymphotoxin ? Receptor and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55 in Liver Regeneration;72<br />8.1;4.1 The TNF/TNFR Superfamily;72<br />8.2;4.2 Liver Regeneration;75<br />8.3;4.3 TNFRp55 and Liver Regeneration;76<br />8.4;4.4 LTßR and Liver Regeneration;77<br />9;5 The Hepatic Stem Cell Niches;82<br />9.1;5.1 Introduction;82<br />9.2;5.2 Secreted Factors in the Stem Cell Niche;83<br />9.3;5.3 Physical Contacts of Stem Cells with Their Niche;90<br />9.4;5.4 Identification of Stem Cell Niches;91<br />9.5;5.5 Stem Cell Niches in the Liver;93<br />10;6 Stellate Cells in the Regenerating Liver;104<br />10.1;6.1 Characterization of Stellate Cells;104<br />10.2;6.2 Plasticity of Hepatic Stellate Cells;109<br />10.3;6.3 Stellate Cells in Liver Regeneration;109<br />11;7 Epigenetics during Liver Regeneration;118<br />11.1;7.1 Definition and Mechanisms of Epigenetics;118<br />11.2;7.2 Methods to Investigate Epigenetic Mechanisms;122<br />11.3;7.3 Epigenomics in Liver Regeneration;123<br />11.4;7.4 Epigenetics During Stellate Cell Activation;124<br />12;8 Hedgehog Signaling and Liver Regeneration;130<br />12.1;8.1 Introduction;130<br />12.2;8.2 Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy;131<br />12.3;8.3 Fetal Development of the Liver;131<br />12.4;8.4 Overview of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway;132<br />12.5;8.5 Reactivation of the Hedgehog Pathway after Partial Hepatectomy;134<br />12.6;8.6 Hedgehog Pathway Activation during Repair of Chronic Liver Injury: General Concepts;135<br />12.7;8.7 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Liver Progenitors in Chronic Injury Models;136<br />12.8;8.8 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Liver Fibrosis;137<br />12.9;8.9 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Vascular Remodeling in Injured Livers;140<br />12.10;8.10 Hedgehog Pathway Activation and Hepatocarcinogenesis;140<br />13;9 EGFR, CD95, and the Switch between Proliferation and Apoptosis in Hepatic Stellate Cells;148<br />13.1;9.1 Introduction;148<br />13.2;9.2 Liver Cell Proliferation Involves Ligand-dependent EGFR Activation;149<br />13.3;9.3 Liver Cell Apoptosis Involves EGFR-dependent CD95 Activation;151<br />13.4;9.4 EGFR Activation Can Couple to Both Proliferation and Apoptosis in Hepatic Stellate Cells;154<br />14;10 Angiogenesis and Liver Regeneration;164<br />14.1;10.1 Introduction;164<br />14.2;10.2 Blood Flow and Cell Types in the Adult Liver;164<br />14.3;10.3 Angiogenesis in Liver Regeneration;167<br />14.4;10.4 Importance of VEGF for Liver Regeneration;169<br />14.5;10.5 Role of Angiogenesis in Liver Damage/Disease;170<br />14.6;10.6 Questions and Problems;172<br />15;11 A Quantitative Mathematical Modeling Approach to Liver Regeneration;178<br />15.1;11.1 Definition;178<br />15.2;11.2 Methods to Quantify Spatial-Temporal Information in Liver Lobules;180<br />15.3;11.3 Normal Liver Lobule: The Reference State;182<br />15.4;11.4 Quantifying the Regeneration Process: Process Parameters;183<br />15.5;11.5 Mathematical Model;183<br />15.6;11.6 Simulation Results with the Mathemati