The ever-increasing release of harmful agents due to human activities have led in some areas of the world to heavy pollution. In order to protect human health and the environment, environmental standards that shall limit the release and the concentration of those toxic agents in the environment and hence the exposure to it have to be established. The related assessment and decision-making procedures have to be based on solid scientific data about the effects and mechanisms of these agents as well as on ethical, social and economic aspects. For risk evaluation, the knowledge of the dose response curve is an essential prerequisite. Dose responses without a threshold dose are most critical in this connection. Such dose responses are assumed for mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, which, therefore, dominate also the discussion in this book. In the environmentally important low dose range, risk estimation can only be achieved by extrapolation from higher doses with measurable effects. The extrapolation is accompanied with uncertainties which makes risk evaluation as well as risk communication frequently problematic. In order to ensure rational efficient and fair decisions beyond a sound scientific assessment the dialogue between disciplines, with the affected people and with the general public is necessary. In this book, the whole range of relevant and essential aspects of risk evaluation and standard setting is addressed. Starting with the ethical foundations, the sound analysis of recent scientific findings sets the frame for further reflections by theory of cognition, psychosocial sciences, and jurisprudence. The authors end up with concluding recommendations for coping with the recent problems of standard setting in the field of environmentally relevant low doses. The book is designed to a readership of scientists, legislators, administrators, and the interested public.

1 Introduction

2 Ethical Aspects of Risk
3 Effects of Ionising Radiation in the Low-Dose Range - Radiobiological Basis
4 Toxicology of Chemical Carcinogens
5 Epidemiological Perspectives on Low-Dose Exposure to Human Carcinogens
6 Mathematical Models of Carcinogenesis
7 Comparing Summary of Action of Ionising Radiation and Chemicals in Carcinogenesis
8 Hypothesis Testing and the Choice of the Dose-Response Model
9 Risk Evaluation and Communication
10 Low Doses in Health-Related Environmental Law
11 Summary
12 Zusammenfassung
13 Recommendations for Environmental Risks to Human Health: Evaluation and Regulatory Processes
14 Glossary
15 Abbreviations
16 List of Authors.