1;Contents;8 2;Endourological Training Models --- Maurice-Stephan Michel, Herbert Leyh;11 2.1;Introduction;12 2.2;Synthetic Organ Models;12 2.3;Animal Organ Models;13 2.4;Computer-Based Training Systems;13 2.5;Tips for Training;16 2.6;References;17 3;Urethrotomy --- Herbert Leyh, Roger Paul;19 3.1;Introduction;20 3.2;Pathogenesis of Urethral Strictures;20 3.3;Preoperative Preparation;20 3.4;Anaesthesia;20 3.5;Indications;20 3.6;Limitations and Risks;21 3.7;Contraindications;21 3.8;Instruments;21 3.9;Operative Technique (Step by Step);22 3.10;Operative Tricks;24 3.11;Postoperative Care;24 3.12;Common Complications;24 3.13;Laser Urethrotomy;25 3.14;Outcome;25 3.15;References;25 4;Urethrocystoscopy --- Herbert Leyh, Roger Paul;27 4.1;Introduction;28 4.2;Indications for Urethrocystoscopy;28 4.3;Limitations and Risks;28 4.4;Contraindications;28 4.5;Instruments;28 4.6;Preoperative Preparation;30 4.7;Anaesthesia;30 4.8;Operative Technique (Step by Step);30 4.9;Operative Tricks;34 4.10;Postoperative Care;34 4.11;Common Complications;34 4.12;New Developments:Virtual Cystoscopy;35 4.13;References;35 5;Rare findings in Cystoscopy --- Hassan Abol-Enein;37 5.1;Introduction;38 5.2;Image Gallery;38 5.3;Pediatric Endoscopy --- Marcus Riccabona, Ulrike Necknig;45 5.4;Introduction;46 5.5;Urethrocystoscopy;46 5.6;Endoscopic Treatment;46 5.7;Recommended Reading;50 5.8;Image Gallery;51 6;Laparoscopy for the Undescended Testicle --- Ulrich Humke, Stefan Siemer, Roland Bonfig, Mark Koen;57 6.1;Introduction;58 6.2;Patient Counselling and Consent;58 6.3;Preoperative Preparation;58 6.4;Anaesthesia;58 6.5;Indications;58 6.6;Limitations and Risks;58 6.7;Contraindications;58 6.8;Special Instruments;58 6.9;Operative Technique (Step-by-Step);59 6.10;Tips and Tricks;60 6.11;Postoperative Care;61 6.12;Complications;61 6.13;Do's;61 6.14;Dont's;61 6.15;References;61 6.16;Image Gallery;62 7;Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumours --- Armin Pycha, Salvatore Palermo;65 7.1;Introduction;66 7.2;Indications;66 7.3;Contraindications;66 7.4;Preoperative Preparation;66 7.5;Anaesthesia;66 7.6;Instruments;66 7.7;Patient Positioning;67 7.8;Operative Technique (Step by Step);67 7.9;Resection Procedure according to Nesbit (1943);67 7.10;En Bloc Resection according to Mauermayer (1981);68 7.11;Bladder Mapping;68 7.12;Before Finishing TUR-B;68 7.13;After Finishing TUR-B;69 7.14;Postoperative Care;69 7.15;Common Complications;69 7.16;Trouble-shooting;69 7.17;Postoperative Complications;70 7.18;New Developments;70 7.19;Comments;70 7.20;Remember;70 7.21;Do's;70 7.22;Dont's;71 7.23;References;71 7.24;Image Gallery;74 8;Surgical Anatomy of the Prostate Sphincter Complex --- Lutz Trojan, Maurice-Stephan Michel;81 8.1;Introduction;82 8.2;Anatomy;82 8.3;Innervation;84 8.4;Identification;85 8.5;Injury of the Prostate Sphincter Complex;85 8.6;References;85 9;Transurethral Resection of the Prostate --- Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Kossen M.T. Ho, Thilo Schwalenberg;86 9.1;Introduction;87 9.2;Preoperative Preparation;87 9.3;Anaesthesia;87 9.4;Strong Indications for Surgery (according to the EAU-Guidelines);87 9.5;Relative Indications;87 9.6;Limitations and Risks;87 9.7;Contraindications;87 9.8;Instruments;88 9.9;Operative Technique (Step by Step);88 9.10;Operative Tips;89 9.11;Postoperative Care;90 9.12;Common Complications;90 9.13;TUR Syndrome;90 9.14;Postoperative Complications;90 9.15;Late Complications;91 9.16;New Developments;91 9.17;References;91 9.18;Image Gallery;92 10;Minimal Invasive Transurethral Resection of the Prostate --- Jan Fichtner;97 10.1;Introduction;98 10.2;Anesthesia;98 10.3;Indications;98 10.4;Contraindications;98 10.5;Instruments;98 10.6;Operative Technique (Step by Step);98 10.7;Operative Tricks;98 10.8;Postoperative Care;98 10.9;Image Gallery;99 11;Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Percutaneous Nephrostomy --- Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Chris Anderson, Evangelos N. Liatsikos, Thilo Schwalenberg;101 11.1;Introduction;102 11.2;Preoperative Preparation;102 11.3;Anaesthesia;10