1;Preface;6 2;Contents;7 3;Contributors;13 4;Soil Sampling and Storage;17 4.1;1.1 Objective of Soil Sampling;17 4.2;1.2 Selection of Sampling Technique;22 4.3;1.3 Sampling Strategy;23 4.4;1.4 Sampling Methods;41 4.5;1.5 Pretreatment;53 4.6;1.6 Storage of Samples;57 4.7;References;60 5;Determination of Chemical and Physical Soil Properties;62 5.1;2.1 Soil Dry Mass andWater Content;62 5.2;2.2 Water-Holding Capacity;65 5.3;2.3 Bulk Density - Total Porosity;67 5.4;2.4 Water Retention Characteristics - Pore Size Distribution;74 5.5;2.5 Soil pH;83 5.6;2.6 Soil Organic Matter - Soil Organic Carbon;86 5.7;2.7 Soil Nutrients: Total Nitrogen;91 5.8;2.8 Soil Nutrients: Inorganic Nitrogen;97 5.9;2.9 Soil Nutrients: Phosphorus;102 5.10;References;108 6;Quantification of Soil Contamination;111 6.1;3.1 General Introduction;111 6.2;3.2 Volatile Hydrocarbons;113 6.3;3.3 Hydrocarbons in the Range C10 to C40;117 6.4;3.4 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs);123 6.5;3.5 Heavy Metals;129 6.6;References;132 7;Immunotechniques as a Tool for Detection of Hydrocarbons;134 7.1;4.1 RaPID Assay Test System;134 7.2;4.2 EnviroGard Test System;139 7.3;References;143 8;FeasibilityStudiesforMicrobialRemediation Hydrocarbon- Contaminated Soil;144 8.1;5.1 Introduction;144 8.2;5.2 Determination of Biodegradation Potential;145 8.3;5.3 Process Monitoring and Evaluation;155 8.4;5.4 Bioaugmentation;156 8.5;5.5 Effect of Surfactants;157 8.6;5.6 Optimization of Environmental Conditions;160 8.7;5.7 Optimization of Nutritional Factors;161 8.8;5.8 Conclusions;163 8.9;References;164 9;FeasibilityStudiesforMicrobialRemediation of Metal- Contaminated Soil;167 9.1;References;171 10;Feasibility Studies for Phytoremediation of Metal- Contaminated Soil;172 10.1;7.1 Introduction;172 10.2;7.2 Phytoextraction;172 10.3;7.3 Phytostabilization Potential for Soils Highly Contaminated with Lead, Cadmium and Zinc;182 10.4;References;187 11;Quantification of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Using Internal Markers;189 11.1;References;197 12;Assessment of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential Using Radiorespirometry;199 12.1;References;208 13;Molecular Techniques for Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation;210 13.1;10.1 General Introduction;210 13.2;10.2 Extraction and Purification of Nucleic Acids (DNA) from Soil;211 13.3;10.3 Amplification of Catabolic Genotypes and 16S rDNA Genotypes by PCR;217 13.4;10.4 DGGE Analysis Soil Microbial Communities;227 13.5;10.5 Genomics in Environmental Microbiology;235 13.6;References;237 14;Bioreporter Technology for Monitoring Soil Bioremediation;241 14.1;11.1 General Introduction;241 14.2;11.2 An Overview of Reporter Systems for Soil Bioremediation Application;243 14.3;11.3 Single Point Measurements of Soil Contaminants;249 14.4;11.4 Continuous On-Line Vapor Phase Sensing of Soil Contaminants;252 14.5;11.5 Quantification of Soil-Borne lux-Tagged Microbial Populations Using Most- Probable- Number ( MPN) Analysis;255 14.6;References;257 15;Interpretation of Fatty Acid Profiles of Soil Microorganisms;259 15.1;12.1 Obtaining Fatty Acid Profiles from Soil Samples;259 15.2;12.2 Transforming Fatty Acid Peak Areas to Total Microbial Biomass;260 15.3;12.3 Calculation and Interpretation of Community Structure;262 15.4;12.4 Calculation and Interpretation of Metabolic Stress Biomarkers;264 15.5;12.5 Naming of Fatty Acids;265 15.6;References;266 16;Enumeration of Soil Microorganisms;268 16.1;13.1 Sample Preparation and Dilution;268 16.2;13.2 Direct (Microscopic) Enumeration;271 16.3;13.3 Enumeration by Culture in Liquid Medium ( Most Probable Number Technique);275 16.4;13.4 Enumeration by Culture on Solid Medium ( Plate Count Technique);279 16.5;References;286 17;Quantification of Soil Microbial Biomass by Fumigation- Extraction;288 17.1;14.1 General Introduction;288 17.2;14.2 Fumigation and Extraction;289 17.3;14.3 Biomass C;291 17.4;14.4 Biomass N;296 17.5;References;301 18;Determination of Adenylates and Adenylate Energy Charge;303 18.1;References;308 19;Determination